• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.217-231
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• 1998

The effectiveness of intrauterine insemination (IUI) combined with controlled ovanan hyperstimulation (COH) in the treatment of infertility with various etiologies was compared in a total of 152 cycles. Patients received a maximum of three IUI cycles for the treatment. Severe male ($<2\times10^6$ motile sperm) or age factor (> 39 y) patients were excluded in this study. Pregnancy was classified as clinical if a gestational sac was seen on ultrasound. The overall clinical pregnancy rate was 7.9% per cycle (12/152) and 9.7% per patient (12/124). The pregnancy rates were 0% in unstimulated natural (0/18), 7.5% in CC (3/40), 8.2% in CC+hMG (4/49), 5.9% in GnRH-a ultrashort (1/17), 5.9% in GnRH-a long (1/17) and 27.3% in dual suppression cycles (3/11), respectively. The pregnancy rate was higher in dual suppression cycle than other stimulated cycles, but this was not significant. The multiple pregnancy rates were 25.0% (2 twins and 1 triplet). No patient developed ovarian hyperstimulation. Abortion rates were 66.7% in CC (2/3) and 100% in ultrashort cycles (1/1). The livebirth rate was 5.9% per cycle (9/152) and 7.3% per patient (9/124). There were no differences in age, duration of infertility, follicle size, total ampules of gonadotropins and days of stimulation between pregnant and non-pregnant groups. However, significant(P<0.05) differences were observed in the level of estradiol $(E_2)$ on the day of hCG injection ($3,266.6{\pm}214.2$ vs $2,202.7{\pm}139.4$ pg/ml) and total motile sperm count ($212.1{\pm}63.4$ vs $105.1{\pm}9.9\times10^6$) between pregnant group and non-pregnant group. These results suggest that IUI combined with successful ovarian stimulation tends to improve the chance of pregnancy as compared to IUI without COH and a total motile sperm count may be considered predictive of the success for pregnancy.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.112-119
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• 1991

Some experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of freezing and thawing on the strength and strain characteristics of alluvial silty clay under the different temperatures, loading and moisture conditions. The results were as follows; 1. The soil used was proved to be consisted of silty clay with honey-combed structure, and showed higher dilatancy, frost activity and lower stability in natural state. 2. Soil treated with freezing and thawing cycles showed lower compressive strength compared with the non treated, The strength decreased with incement of freezing and thawing cycles. It's shapes of stress-strain curves were flat and did not formulate a peak while the peak strength of higher moisture content soil decreased with the increment of moisture content. It's decrement ratio was most distinctly shown at the first one cycle of freezing and thawing. 3. The cohesion decreased due to freezing and thawing cycles but internal frcition angle was not changed. 4. The liquid limit decreased with increment of freezing and thawing cycles, and became almost constant after three cycles of freezing and thawing. 5. The strength under simple loading at failure mode was appeared to be higher compared with the cyclic loading after freezing and thawing but initial moisture content effect was not observed. 6. Ice lense was not observed within 50% of ice content ratio but observed over 100%. The higher the ice content ratio, the higher the peak strength. As a matter of fact, it seems that an optimum ice content ratio exists for plastic mode and the least compressive strength.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.31-41
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• 1999

To evaluate the effectiveness of intrauterine insemination (IUI) in the treatment of infertility, timed-intercourse and intrauterine insemination by husband in stimulated cycles with clomiphene citrate and gonadotropins were compared in a total of 105 cycles. Patients received 100mg of clomiphene citrate daily for 5 days starting on day 3 of the menstrual cycle followed by hMG or FSH. Doses of exogenous gonadotropins were adjusted by the follicular development and concentrations of serum estradiol $(E_2)$. More than 3 follicles reaching >16 mm were present in the ovary, 5,000 IU of hCG was administered intramusculary. Patients received a maximum of three intercourse or IUI cycles for the treatment. Severe male (<$10{\times}10^6$ motile sperm) or age factor (>39 y) patients were excluded in this study. Pregnancy was classified as clinical if a gestational sac or fetal cardiac activity was seen on ultrasound. The overall clinical pregnancy rates were 17.1% per cycle (18/105) and 21.2% per patient (18/85). The pregnancy rates (per cycle) were 17.5% (11/63) in intercourse and 16.7% (7/42) in IUI groups, respectively. IUI had no significant improvement in pregnancy rate compared with timed-intercourse. The multiple pregnancy rates were 11.1% (1 twin and 1 triplet). No patient developed ovarian hyperstimulation. Abortion rate was 28.6% (2/7) in IUI group only. The delivery and ongoing pregnancy rates were 15.2% per cycle (16/105) and 18.8% per patient (16/85). There were no differences in age, duration of infertility, follicle size and level of estradiol $(E_2)$ on the day of hCG injection in pregnant and non-pregnant groups. However, total doses of gonadotropins were higher in pregnant group than in non-pregnant group (p<0.01). Pregnancy rate was not affected by ovulatory status at the time of insemination. These results indicate that well timed-intercourse in stimulated cycles is as effective as IUI for infertile couples.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.115-121
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• 1990

Ultrasonically guided oocyte collection gradually replaces laparoscope in many IVF center. In present study, we compare the efficacy of both methods in our IVF program. Totally 377 cycles which were undertaken in vitro fertilization treatment were divided into 2 groups. Ultrasonically guided transvaginal follicular aspiration was performed in 188 cycles and laparoscopic follicular aspiration was performed in 189 cycles under local anesthesisa. The mean age for both groups was similar. Follicular recruitment was achieved with human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) or a com bination of clomiphene citrate and hMG or a combination of FSH and hMG. In the ultrasonically guided aspiration group, 1821 follicles were aspirated with 61.8% of recovery rate (1125 oocytes), 81.5% of embryo transfer rate (145 cycles) and (17%), 26 cases intrauterine pregnancies were estabilished. In the laparoscopic group, 604 follicles were aspirated with 68.7% recovery rate (445 oocytes) and a 79.9% ET rate (127 cycles), 11 cases (8.7%) intrauterine pregnancies were estabilished. A valid comparison of these data is not possible because the 2 groups are dissimilar for factors known to influence oocyte development and recovery. No statistically significant differences could be demonstrated between 2 groups in all but the recovery rate and clinical pregnancy rate, In ultrasound group, the clinical pregnancy rate was significantly higher than that of laparoscope group. The potentially detrimental effect of CO2 pnemoperitonium present during laparoscope but not in ultrasound guided recovery on ova quality may underlie the observed difference in the clinical pregnancy rate between the 2 groups. Ultrasound guided aspiration seems to be as effective as laparoscopy in terms of oocyte retrieval and conception rate. Furthermore, the procedure is simple and inexpensive, it may replace laparoscopy as a method for oocyte collection in most patients who undergo IVF.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.55-62
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• 2019

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)를 베이스 기판으로 사용하고 이보다 강성도가 높은 flexible printed circuit board (FPCB)를 island 기판으로 사용한 soft PDMS/hard PDMS/FPCB 구조의 강성도 경사형 신축패키지를 형성하고, 이의 탄성특성 및 인장 싸이클과 굽힘 싸이클에 따른 신뢰성을 분석하였다. Soft PDMS, hard PDMS, FPCB의 탄성계수가 각기 0.28 MPa, 1.74 MPa, 2.25 GPa일 때 soft PDMS/hard PDMS/FPCB 신축패키지의 유효 탄성계수는 0.6 MPa로 분석되었다. 0~0.3 범위의 인장 싸이클을 15,000회 인가시 신축패키지의 저항변화률은 2.8~4.3% 이었으며, 굽힘반경 25 mm의 굽힘 싸이클을 15,000회 인가시 저항변화률은 0.9~1.5% 이었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.267-272
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• 1994

We studied the role of assisted fertilization(subzonal insemination, intracytoplasmic sperm injection) in enhancing fertilization and pregnancy rate in obstructive azoospermia. MESA was performed in the patients with congenital absence of the vas deferens and unreconstructable obstructive azoospermia. Sperm were aspirated microsurgically from various sites along the epididymal stump. Sperm were then washed on a mini-PercoH gradient or swim-up method and treated by 2-deoxyadenosine and pentoxifylline. Conventional IVF(group I, 14 cycles), SUZI(group II, 13 cycles) and ICSI(gruop III, 28 cycles) were carried out in 55 treatment cycles. The clinical results are as follows: 1. Fertilization rates for group I, II and III were 16.1 %,31.4% and 48.6%, retrospectively (p<0.05). 2. Clinical pregnancy rates for group I, II and III were 7.1 %,7.7%, and 32.1 'Yo, retrospectively. 3. In 5 of MESA-ICSI cycles, epididymal sperm from alloplastic spermatocele were used and 2 clinical pregnancies (40%) were obtained. According to our results the combined MESA-ICSI procedure is highly effcient in improving fertilization and pregnancy rate in congenital absence of the vas deferens and unreconstructable obstructive azoospermia.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.10-17
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• 2011

Objective: To explore potential relationships between sperm DNA integrity and both semen parameters and clinical outcomes. Methods: Semen analysis of 498 samples was performed according to the 2010 criteria of the World Health Organization. The sperm DNA fragmentation Index (DFI) of the semen samples was assessed using a neutral comet assay. Results: Sperm DFI showed a significant correlation with semen parameters, including the patient's age, sperm viability, motility, morphology, and number of leukocytes (p<0.05). The sperm DFI values for asthenozoospermic (15.2%), oligoteratozoospermic (18.3%), asthenoteratozoospermic (17.5%), and oligoasthenoteratozoospermic semen samples (21.3%) were significantly higher than that observed in normozoospermic semen samples (10.5%, p<0.05). A sperm DFI value of 14% was used as a threshold of sperm DFI in assessing whether DNA was highly damaged. In 114 IVF-ET cycles, the fertilization rate of the sperm DFI <14% group (70 cycles, 61.7%) was significantly higher than that observed for the ${\geq}14%$ group (44 cycles, 55.3%), but there was no difference in the other clinical outcomes between the two groups. In the ${\geq}14%$ group, the pregnancy rates of the ICSI cycles (40.0%) and half-ICSI (44.0%) were higher than conventional IVF cycles (30.7%), but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Along with the conventional semen analysis, the sperm DFI assessed using the comet assay was shown to improve the quality of the semen evaluation. To evaluate the precise effect of ICSI on pregnancy rates in the patients who demonstrate high sperm DFI values, further study is necessary.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.87-92
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• 2011

Objective: This study aimed to determine the safety and clinical effect of artificial shrinkage (AS) in terms of assisted hatching of fresh blastocysts. Also, we evaluated the correlation between patient age and the effect of AS on clinical outcome. Methods: Two AS methods, using a 29-gauge needle and laser pulse, were compared. Seventy-three blastocysts were shrunk using a 29-gauge needle and the same number of other blastocysts were shrunk by a laser pulse. We evaluated the shrunken blastocysts hourly and considered them viable if they re-expanded >70%. Blastocyst transfer cycles (n=134) were divided into two groups: a control group consisted of the cycles whose intact embryos were transferred (n=100), while the AS group consisted of the cycles whose embryos were replaced following AS (n=34). The implantation and pregnancy rates of the control group and AS group were compared ($p$ <0.05). Results: The re-expansion rates of the 29-gauge needle and laser pulse AS groups were similar (56 [76.7%] vs. 62 [84.9%], respectively). All of the remaining shrunken blastocysts were re-expanded within 2 hours. There was no degeneration of shrunken blastocysts. The total and clinical pregnancy rate of the AS group (23 [67.6%]; 20 [58.8%], respectively) was significantly higher than that of the control group (47 [47.0%]; 39 [39.0%], respectively). In the older patient group, there was no difference in the clinical outcomes between the AS and control groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that AS of blastocoele cavity, followed by the transfer, would be a useful approach to improve the clinical outcome in cycles in which fresh blastocyst stage embryos are transferred.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.285-292
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• 1995

To elucidate the mineral cycles of potassium in a dynamic grassland ecosystem in a steady state condition, this investigation was cunducted along the northwest side on Mt. Kwanak. The exper-imental results may he summarized on communities of Z. japonica and M. sinensis as follows. As compared with some pronerties of the surface soils among two semi-natural grasslands, the levels of exchangeahle potassium were high in M. sinensis and low in Z. japonica. Contents of potassium for the litters of Z. japonica and M. sinensis were 1.69% and 2.51%, re-spectively. The annual production of potassium was 1.32 g /m$m^2$ in the Z. japonica grassland and 3. 08 g /m$m^2$in the M. sinensis grassland. For a case of steady production and release, the ratio of annual min- eral production to the amount accumulated on top of the mineral soil in a steady state provides estimates of the release constant k. The models of the release, accumulation and annual cycle of potassium in a grassland ecosystem are determined by the equation (1) to (3), respectively (Table 3). Since it requires a period of about each 0.693 /r, 3 /r and 5 /r years for the release and accumu-lation of 50, 95 and 99% of its steady-state level, the estimates for potassium in a dynamic grass-land ecosystem of Mt. Kwanak were 1.5, 6.6 and 11.0 years in the Z. japonica grassland, and were 2.7, 11.9 and 19.8 years in the M. sinensis grassland. The amounts of annual cycles for potassium in a grassland ecosystem under the steady-state conditions were 1.32 g /m$^2$ in the Z. japonica grassland and 3.08 g /$m^2$ in the M. sinensis grassland. Key words : ZQvsia japonica Ahscanthus sinensis, Mt. Kwanak, Potassium cycles.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.306-313
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• 1998

전기적 착색 텅스텐산화물 박막이 전자비임 증착법에 의해 제작되었다. 전자비임에 의한 막의 퇴화에 미치는 영향이 논의되었다. 진공도 $10^{-4}$mbar에서 제작된 막이 사이클 내 구성 시험에 의한 결과, 가장 안정하였다. 황산 수용액에서 막의 퇴화는 진공도에 의존함을 보였다. 막두께는 산화와 환원전류 그리고 광학적 특성에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 박막들 중에서 두께 5,000$\AA$의 시료가 사이클에 의한 내구성이 가정 안정하였다. 착색과 탈색이 반복되는 동안에 막의 퇴화의 근원은 막속에 이온의 누적 때문이며, 이로인해 산화와 환원전류가 감 소하였다. 티타늄의 양이 약10~15mol% 함유된 텅스텐산화물 박막은 착색과 탈색사이클이 반복되는 동안 최소한의 퇴화가 일어나서 가정 안정하였다. 사이클이 반복되는 동안 최소한 의 막 퇴화의 주 원인은 막속에 리튬이온의 포획위치 개수의 감소에 있었으며 이로인해 막 의 내구성이 증가하였다.