• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.281-285
• /
• 2015

The international dairy federation's main objectives are to enhance the international dairy market and industry by producing an annual world dairy situation report. The IDF National committee and other international contributors provide a questionnaire to be completed for the country reports on top of other various official studies. Through this report, one can understand the full overview of the global dairy market and specified dairy studies across the world. Due to the economic boom of many developing nations, in 2014 the dairy market saw great increase in the total milk production. The estimated volume is at 802 million tons which is a 3.3% increase from the previous year. The world dairy trade states that due to the abundance of milk, other bi-products such as dairy powder and butter production increased as well. Generally, there is an increasing trend for the demand and supply of milk and all dairy products in the international dairy market.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2010

In 2009, the world dairy industry had the most impressive experience throughout all the experiences it had. The milk price in major regions fell to their lowest level for decades. Including Korea, the world economy is obviously slowing. The nations' export plunged due to the global economic recession, in result reduced industrial output and domestic demand. In Korea, the intake of liquid milk slightly decreased from 45 kg per capita in 2005 to 44.3 kg per capita in 2008. However, production and consumption of milk increased fast in China and India. According to 2008 statistics, total milk volume of the world trade reached 42 million tonnes and the major exporters of dairy products were EU, New Zealand, USA and Autralia. The tropical countries has traditionally consumed buffalo milk. The production of buffalo milk is increasing faster than cow milk. IDF expected that EU milk production would recover the medium term displaying a gradual growth over the milk quotas phasing-out period, while constantly remaining below the quota level.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.24
• /
• pp.51-72
• /
• 2004

Over the past fifty years, the share of the World's shipping fleet operating under open registry has grown from 4 % to almost half of the total tonnage. While there has been strong opposition based on the costs of maritime disasters and opposition both from the traditional maritime nations, which have suffered erosion of their fleets, and from labour unions, which point to worker exploitation, the shipping companies have found the greater operational and financial flexibility which accompanies open registry to be a considerable attraction The paper consists of seven sections. Section 1 explains the background and of the study. Section 2 reviews the characteristics and definition of FOC. Section 3 is to identify ship register categories and their competitive conditions. Section 4 tackles the emerging forces of globalisation-the advent of FOC. Section 5 deals with legal maritime framework. Section 6 tackles the current structure and characteristics of FOC vessels. Some concluding comments follow in the last section.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.69
• /
• pp.453-472
• /
• 2016

As globalization is widely expanded in Islamic world as well as huge capital like oil-money is looking for new investment areas, our government should keep eyes on the current situation of Muslim market. This study will focus on the research of operation model of Islamic insurance. It will analysis on the institutional aspects of Islamic insurance(Takaful) system, which is a step further on the basis of these previous researches about Islamic finance. Takaful is conducted with various machanism such as Wakala, Mudarabah, Waqf. The mechanism can also be intermingled with one another to form other diverse contracts. However most of them are focused on basic conceptual elements of Islamic insurance system. As public interests in Islamic insurance are increasing these days, many Islam related literatures are issued accordingly. But most of them were focused on basic aspect of Islamic financial system or on the study of business management structure. The conceptual approach to evaluate the Islamic insurance market shall become the foundation of operation in conventional business law and regulation penetrate to the Islamic business environment. Therefore, the research of the operation model in Islamic insurance system as well as the search of trade engineering basis.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.36
• /
• pp.195-262
• /
• 2007

This paper attempts to assess the Basel Committee's bank supervisory standards and capital adequacy rules, and thereby rethink whether global convergence in banking regulation is desirable. To that end, it seeks to address the impetus for the creation of the Basel Committee, and explore driving forces behind the internationalization of bank regulatory and supervisory standards. Following the historical and theoretical analysis of the internationalization of bank regulatory standards, the movement toward global standards in banking is reviewed. More importantly, this paper seeks to explore the origins of the Basel Accord on bank capital adequacy. To do so, it largely relies on current theories on the process of negotiating the capital adequacy standards in the areas of political science and international political economy. At this point, this study takes a position as a break against the force of international market failure logic that has enjoyed an exceptionally positive reception among economists, political scientists, and legal experts. Nonetheless, it does not intend to freeze the international coordination and cooperation of banking regulation. Given the understanding of the politics behind the creation of the Basel Accord, this paper evaluates the Basel Accord of 1988 and the new capital adequacy framework(Basel II), and then moves beyond the assessment of the capital adequacy standards In doing so, this study draws lessons from Basel in search of a just world order in the global finance.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.51
• /
• pp.133-158
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study is to analyze one of CIETEC(China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission) Award on the dispute arising from Cotton Sale Contact which deals with damages and reduction of the price. Especially this case focused on the effect of reduction of the price to damages. The purpose of damages is to place the aggrieved party in as good a position as if the other party had properly performed the contract. So court costs and attorney's fee should be regarded as the loss, because these are caused by consequence of the breach which is recoverable. With the same reason, overpaid taxes should also regard as the loss. It is not impossible, however, to claim both damages and reduction of the price for same loss at the same time. It means buyer could not claim damages for the same loss, once he already claimed reduction of the price. So Korean companies should consider which remedy is proper to himself under the circumstances. He should choose reduction of the price when market price is down. In case of rising market price, he should consider follows: first, it is better to choose damages based on current price(Art.76), if upswing of non-conformity price is higher then upswing of market price. Second, it is better to choose general rule for measuring damages(Art.74), if upswing of market price is higher then upswing of non-conformity price.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.5-10
• /
• 2016

Purpose - The purpose of this research is to suggest researchers to know the standards of research ethics violation and eliminate the researchers' anxiety for the possible cases in violation of research ethics through the notification on the web site with online paper submission system for over the last year. We have made an effort and achieved the most exemplary and leading position in the academic journals, however, not satisfied with this, we will endeavor to strengthen it. Research design, data and methodology - Plagiarism and overlapping publications are the most serious problems in research ethics. Therefore, it is necessary to verify the submitted articles making use of paper similarity test programs such as copy killer, KCI test, etc. Editorial board and reviewers should present clear evidences and notify contributors on research ethics violation after close review the contributors' article content. Results - This research focused on the submitted articles which were verified as research ethics violation, and categorized them into 7 cases. Conclusions - With analyzing the verified 7 cases from KODISA journals, this research will examine closely the verification system and regulations in the current academic research ethics. Afterwards, this research will seek for solution to the problems and make an effort to get improvement for them.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.13 no.11
• /
• pp.15-22
• /
• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to propose and validate a research model that describes the relationships between customer socialization, customer participation, and customer loyalty in the online service industry. Although customer loyalty is frequently discussed topic in marketing and strategy research, this study takes a novel approach in adopting customer socialization and participation as the antecedents to customer loyalty. Research design, data, and methodology - Based on adopting and modifying measurement items of the constructs from previous studies, this study develops survey regarding the constructs within the proposed research model. Among current registered members of Facebook and DaumKakao, 522 college students and other regular users are selected as the samples for conducting the survey. The collected data is analyzed by structural equation modeling method using SPSS and AMOS. Results Proposed hypotheses of the positive relationships - between customer socialization and customer participation, and between customer participation and customer loyalty are all supported. Conclusions - The results of this study suggest customer participation as an important precursor to customer loyalty in the online service industry. Also, customer socialization is validated as a new strategy to increase customer participation. These results validate the practical importance of communicating mission, purpose, value, and other customer socialization activities that firms undertake.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.25-30
• /
• 2011

Transport is animportant sector of government regulation. Every country has its own transport policy, but European countries are evolving a common transport policy, which has a long history. The establishment of a consistent common policy in the EU's transport sector is still underway. The key motivations of this policy are 1) to establish and implement a common transport policy, 2) to clarify the concept of sustainability in the transport sector, and 3) to integrate transport services into a common infrastructure. One of the policy's objectives is the progressive movement towards sustainable development in the transport section. The EU'stransport policy has recognised that intermodality is a very important competitive tool. The EU's policy thrustin intermodal transport can be catergorised into infrastructure, technology, and standards and rules. However, obstacles to success can be detected. Cases like that of TEN-T and Marco Polo illustrate European intermodal policies in practice. As regards sustainability in the transport sector, intermodality can be an alternative solution to the increasing imbalance between transport modes and congestion arising from increased road use. Sustainability has been emphasised by the EU, which aims to establish intermodality in its future alternative transport systems while fostering sustainable development in the transport sector. Therefore, intermodality can be defined as a general trend in the current transport market, drawing interest from public institutions and transport-related market players. The EU has thus made an effort to facilitate intermodality in its territory, materialised through various policy options. Therefore, looking into the EU's intermodal transport policies is worthwhile, as doing so can provide useful lessons for all concerned parties.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.71-83
• /
• 2020

Purpose: Because the energy consumption, economic growth and logistics development are still the heated topics which have attracted many scholars' interests. Therefore, this paper attempts to analyze the effect of logistics development on the economic growth, explore the effect of the economic growth on energy consumption and to discuss the effect of the logistics development on energy intensity. Research design, data and methodology: Using the panel data over the period 2000-2017 of 156 countries and employing the country & year fixed effect model, system generalized method moments and random effect model, the empirical analyses of this propositions are performed. Results: The empirical findings present that the logistics development is positively related to the economic growth. The energy consumption in the t-1 period and economic growth are positively related to the current energy consumption. The logistics development is negatively related to the energy intensity. Meanwhile, the empirical findings also indicate that there is a great difference about these effects among the four sub-samples (low income 18 countries, low middle income 49 countries, upper middle income 44 countries, high income 49 countries). Conclusions: Based on the evidences in this paper provided, we can find that these variables can affect each other.