• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2017

Background: The light emitting plasma (LEP) has recently attracted attention as a novel artificial light source for plant growth and functional component enhancement. We investigated the effects of LEP on whitening and antioxidant activities of the plant parts of perilla. Methods and Results: Previously germianted seeds of perilla were cultivated under different light conditions (fluoresce lamp, LED red, blue, white, green, and LEP) in a culture room for 2 months. Parts of perilla were harvested and extracted in 70% EtOH. The extracts were used to detect total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), reducing power and tyrosinase inhibition activity as indicators of biological activity. Biological activity was highest in seedlings grown under LEP. The total phenolic content was highest in the stems and the total flavonoid content was highest in the roots of perilla exposed to LEP. The DPPH and ABTS radical activity in all the parts of perilla exposed to LEP were higher by approximately three-fold compared to that in the control (fluoresce lamp). The reducing power values of perilla significantly increased after treatment with LEP. In addition, all the extract of perilla plants exposed to LEP promoted the tyrosinase inhibitory activity. These results suggest that LEP can be an important artificial light source for enhancement of biological activity. Conclusions: LEP could promote whitening and antioxidant activity of perilla.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.333-342
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• 2010

For the energy-saving production of fresh vegetables in poor environment such as the Antarctic, a container-type plant factory was designed and developed. To maximize space usage of the 20 feet container ($L5.9m{\times}W2.4m{\times}H2.4m$), a three-level hydroponic cultivation system was installed and the nutrient solution was supplied by bottom watering. Using this system, 3 lettuce cultivars were grown under different the light source (light intensity). After 2 weeks from the transplanting, fluorescent lamp ($145\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) showed the best fresh weight of top part and leaf area. However, After 4 weeks, fluorescent lamp plus metal halide lamp ($150\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) led to the optimum growth of the each lettuce cultivar. The cultivar, 'Cheongchima', showed the best fresh weight of top part and leaf area, followed by 'Jeokchukmyeon' and 'Lollo rosa'. The chlorophyll concentrations (SPAD) showed no significant difference among the sources of lights. However, 'Cheongchima' showed relatively high chlorophyll concentration. With the above results, we found that the growth of lettuce is depend on light intensity and even at same intensity, the growth is different among the cultivars. Therefore, the selection of optimum cultivar should be considered in the plant factory system that has only weak light density.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.266-287
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• 2004

The non infecting, plant associated bacteria have attracted increased attention for stimulating plant growth and as environmental friendly plant protecting agents. Pink-pigmented facultatively methylotrophic bacteria (PPFMs), classified as Methylobacterium spp., are persistent colonizers of plant leaf surfaces. As the leaves of most or all plants harbor PPFMs that utilize leaf methanol as their sole source of carbon and energy, which is a specific attribute of the genus Methylobacterium. Although they are not well known, these bacteria are co-evolved, interacting partners in plant metabolism. This claim is supported, for example, by the following observations: (1) PPFMs are seed-transmitted, (2) PPFMs are frequently found in putatively axenic cell cultures, (3) Low numbers of seed-borne PPFMs correlate with low germinability, (4) Plants with reduced numbers of PPFM show elevated shoot/root ratios, (5) Foliar application of PPFMs to soybean during pod fill enhances seed set and yield, (6) Liverwort tissue in culture requires PPFM-produced vitamin B12 for growth, (7) treated plants to suppress or decrease disease incidence of sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani in rice, and (8) the PPFM inoculation induced number of stomata, chlorophyll concentration and malic acid content, they led to increased photosynthetic activity. Methylobacterium spp. are bacterial symbionts of plants, shown previously to participate in plant metabolism by consuming plant waste products and producing metabolites useful to the plant. There are reports that inform about the beneficial interactions between this group of bacteria and plants. Screening of such kind of bacteria having immense plant growth promoting activities like nitrogen fixation, phytohormone production, alleviating water stress to the plants can be successfully isolated and characterized and integration of such kind of organism in crop production will lead to increased productivity.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.107-152
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• 2010

This paper explores the historical process that created a specific understanding of and responses to atopic dermatitis(AD) in Korea. AD hardly has a status of an environmental disease in other societies but it is a representative environmental disease in South Korea in connection with various environmental pollutants, most notably with endocrine disrupting chemicals. This understanding of AD as an environmental disease led to an unprecedented legislation of the Environmental Health Act of 2008, a broad environmental health law with the precautionary principle and the focus on human aspect of environmental problems. In line with the growing body of works that articulate the roles of the public and culture in regulatory process, this paper argues that both the understanding of and the regulatory responses to AD owe greatly to the knowledge and political practice of the public, especially that of the 'Atopy moms'. Their knowledge practice that creatively appropriated scientific uncertainty regarding AD brought unexpected epistemological and political alliances, respectively with alternative medicine and with organic coop movement and an emergent political party and generated enough dynamics for the legislation of the EHA.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.5825-5831
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• 2013

Background/Objectives: Maintenance of cellular function in culture is vital for transfer and development following adoptive immunotherapy. Dual properties of IL-21 in activating T cells and reducing activation induced cell death led us to explore the mechanism of action of IL-21 enhanced proliferation and cytotoxic potential of CIK cells. Method: CIK cells cultured from PBMCs of healthy subjects were stimulated with IL-21 and cellular viability and cytotoxicity to K562 cells were measured. To elucidate the mechanism of action of IL-21, mRNA expression of cytotoxic factors was assessed by RT-PCR and protein expression of significantly important cytotoxic factors and cytokine secretion were determined through flow cytometry and ELISA. Western blotting was performed to check the involvement of the JAK/STAT pathway following stimulation. Results: We found that IL-21 did not enhance in vitro proliferation of CIK cells, but did increase the number of cells expressing the CD3+/CD56+ phenotype. Cytotoxic potential was increased with corresponding increase in perforin ($0.9831{\pm}0.1265$ to $0.7592{\pm}0.1457$), granzyme B ($0.4084{\pm}0.1589$ to $0.7319{\pm}0.1639$) and FasL ($0.4015{\pm}0.2842$ to $0.7381{\pm}0.2568$). Interferon gamma and TNF-alpha were noted to increase ($25.8{\pm}6.1ng/L$ to $56.0{\pm}2.3ng/L$; and $5.64{\pm}0.61{\mu}g/L$ to $15.14{\pm}0.93{\mu}g/L$, respectively) while no significant differences were observed in the expression of granzyme A, TNF-alpha and NKG2D, and NKG2D. We further affirmed that IL-21 signals through the STAT-3 and STAT-5b signaling pathway in the CIK cell pool. Conclusion: IL-21 enhances cytotoxic potential of CIK cells through increasing expression of perforin, granzyme B, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. The effect is brought about by the activation of STAT-3 and STAT-5b proteins.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2006

The influence of different doses of jasmonic acid on both biomass of adventitious roots and accumulation of secondary metabolite in bioreactor cultures of Eleutherococcus koreanum was studied. The maximum growth (2.9 g Dry Weight/L) of adventitious roots was observed in the absence of jasmonic acid. The biomass of adventitious roots decreased with the increase in jasmonic acid dosage. High level of jasmonic acid efficiently stimulated the production of both eleutheroside B and E. The highest eleutheroside B ($49.0{\mu}g/g\;DW$) was observed at 0.4 mg/L jasmonic acid. Jasmonic acid at 0.2 mg/L led to the maximum accumulation of eleutheroside E ($64.7{\mu}g/g\;DW$). Whereas eleutheroside $E_1$ was maximally $19.0{\mu}g/g\;DW$ accumulated in the absence of jasmonic acid, the total eleutheroside ($259.9{\mu}g/L$) was the highest when 0.01 mg/L jasmonic acid was treated. In this study, the level of eleutheroside B decreased whereas the maximum levels of eleutheroside E and eleutheroside $E_1$ were observed at 10th and 4th day after jasmonic acid treatment.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 2005

This study was initiated to investigate the impacts of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on adventitious root growth of Panax ginseng, the production of secondary metabolites, such as ginsenosides and phenolic compounds, and antioxidative activity. Among various concentrations of MeJA, $100\;{\mu}M$ MeJA increased the ginsenosides accumulation to 26.6 mg/g dry wt, about 8 times higher than the control in ginseng adventitious roots (GAR). In addition, $50\;{\mu}M$ MeJA increased the accumulation of phenolic compounds to 0.38 mg/g dry wt, about 3 times higher than control in GAR. This MeJA treatment was more effective in conditioned medium (CM) which obtained in bioreactor after 40 days of culture than in fresh medium (FM). Treatment of $100\;{\mu}M$ MeJA in CM increased the accumulation of ginsenosides (1.7 times) and phenolic compounds (1.2 times) more than in FM, respectively. Consequently, these high accumulation of ginsenosides and phenolic compounds by MeJA led to increase the antioxidative activities expressed to the DPPH scavenging activity (over $78.3\%$). The DPPH scavenging activity in control was $45.5\%$.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.307-313
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• 1994

We have previously shown that crude water extract of Euonymus alatus (EA) had strong prophylactic effect against chemically induced-and tumor cell implanted-cancer, and that the mechanisms responsible for its antitumor effects were due to nonspecific enhancement of the NK cell activities and the cell mediated immunity. However, it was unknown that any components of crude extract did work so, since it consisted of several components. In this paper, we fractionated the crude watar EA-extract into several fraction such as hexane-, ethylether-, ethyl acetate-, n-butanol- and water soluble-fraction, and screened the immune regulating activities of each fraction by the evaluation of lymphokine production and activated lymphocyte proliferation. As a result of the component fraction of EA-extract, it was found that n-butanol fraction was a potent immunostimulator, and the remained water soluble fraction also contained some stimulator, But, other fraction did not showed any remarkable effect. It is therefore suggested that EA-glycosides in n-butanol fraction may be new one of the potent biological response modifiers. The present study was also undertaken in an efforts to investigate the effects of elm-bark(EB, Ulmus clavidiana var japonica), which has been used for curing ulcer and inflammation as a folk medicine without any kind of experimental evidence to support this, on the cellular- and humoral-immune responses, lymphocyte function and NK cell activities in mice. Regardless of time and duration of EB-treatment, Arthus reaction and antibody response to SRBC were not modified by EB, but delayed hypersensitivity to SRBC was significantly enhanced only when EB was treated prior to SRBC-sensitization. EB slightly inhibited the proliferation responses of splenocytes to PHA-stimulation, but it significantly augmented the responses of these cells to S aureus Cowan 1 and Con A-activation, and these effects were manifested only when EB was added at culture initiation. EB did not influence Ig secretion of spleen cells but it significantly augmented the Con A-induced 1L 2 and MIF production of splenocytes. NK cell activities of splenocytes were markedly riled when effector cells were pretreated with EB and this augmentation was dine to the increase of binding affinity of effector cells to target cells and the target cell lytic activities of effector cells. These results led to the conclusion that EB triggers increase of cellular immune responses, such as delayed hypersensitivitiy, lymphokine production and NK cell activities. Also these results suggested that EB contains potent immune stimulants, which may provide the rational basis for their therapeutic use as one of the new biological response modifiers.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 2000

This study was investigated the developmental potential of bovine embryos following nuclear transfer with bovine fetal fibroblasts (BFF). BFF were isolated from a male 45-day-old-fetus. Non-starved BFF labeled with MitoTracker were transferred into perivitelline space of enucleated oocytes. BFF-oocyte units were fused by electric pulse, and then fused oocytes were activated with calcium ionophore A23187 and subsequently 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP). The resulting zygotes were placed into CRlaa bovine embryo culture medium. Transfer of the nucleus into enucleated oocyte led to premature chromosome condensation, swelling and pronucleus formation. Remodeled oocytes were developed to the mitotic and 2-cell stage at 18 to 26 h after nuclear transfer. The incidence of in vitro development to the blastocyst stages was 21% of fused oocytes. Mitochondria of BFF eliminated rapidly and were not detected at 8 h after fusion. These results suggest that BFF can be successfully reprogrammed in enucleated bovine oocytes, and that reconstructed embryos can develop to the blastocyst stage.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.747-763
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• 2013

Books on world geography, so called "萬國地誌" had an important influence on changing Koreans' views of the world and the nation through the introduction of new world geographical knowledge during the period of modern enlightenment(1894~1910). "小學萬國地誌" was published in 1895 by Hakbu as an early world geography textbook. This study sought to discuss the significance and influence of "小學萬國地誌" by focusing on its contents organization and description style. The findings are as follows. The six regional contents organization adopted the modern regional geographical method by regional scale classification, describing the human geography based on the physical geography, comparing regional characteristics or studying the relationship between human and the nature. In addition, this textbook was written using the kukhanmun style that displays several characteristics of modern printing culture. Many geographical names were written in Korean characters and geographical knowledge was accepted actively from the modern world, subsequently contributing to the generalization of geographical knowledge. This textbook led to the transition of the Koreans' worldview from a China-centric focus by providing practical and specific knowledge about the world, toward the Korean modernization based on the multiple ideologies of social Darwinism and the advent of enlightenment, imperialism and nationalism.