• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.45-57
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• 1996

A serious disease in a family influences the entire family member given the fact that the members closely interact with each other. Especially in terms of pediatric nursing, study on family gains importance as the need to care of families whose children with developmental disabilities and chronic disease This study was done based on The Resiliency Model of Family Adjustment and Adaptation(McCubbin, 1991) is intended to examine the stress of parents whose children suffer from cleft lip or /and cleft palate. It also helps them to cope with the stress and analyze the relationship between the stress and coping This study used Family Inventory of Life Events and Changes (FILE) and Coping Health Inventory for Parents(CHIP) for measuring family stress and coping. The two instruments are revised to fit the social and cultural environment of Korean culture. Data collection was done from April 18, 1996 to May 18, 1996 at 8 University medical centers located in Seoul. Those who answered questionnaires were 84 parents whose children have cleft lip or /and cleft palate. SPSS PC+ was used to analyze the data collotted. Programs used for data analysis were t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient. The study is summarized as follows .1. The average score of family stress is 10.46(percentage of the full score 24.90) and 'finance and business strains'(3.25), and 'intrafamily strains'(2.65) ranked the highest. The average score of family's coping is 1.93, which is close to the answer of' moderately helpful' and they are measured to put their utmost efforts to' intergration and cooperation of family and optimistic definition on the situation'. 2. There is no significant statistical correlation between the family stress and coping. 3. Mothers show more stress than fathers in the parts of 'illness and family care strains' and 'losses'(t〓-2.34, t〓-2.32, p<.05). 4. Fathers show more willingness to cope with the stress than mothers do in the parts of' seeking social support','self-esteem','emotional comfort' 5. Mothers are more stress than fathers in the parts of family stress and its coping with it by usual traits(t〓-2.78, p<.05). Parents with religion are measured to cope more willingly than those who are not 6. Income of a family shows positive correlationship with family coping (r〓.28, p<.05). The study shows that gender difference is significant variable in studying on family stress and coping. Mothers get more stress than fathers, which has much to do with the fact that they are in charge of raising children and keeping houseworks. Accordingly, managing family crisis and its survival can be induced by giving support for the mothers, studying fathers including the rest of the family members and giving nursing care and arbitration ; religious background is also considered to be one of the important factors in family stress , judging from the relationship between family income and family's coping, caring given to suffering children is needed on societal levels. The above considerations bring up the need to have a longitudinal study of children with congenital anomaly including cleft lip or /and cleft palate and their families about family stress and coping. Resiliency programs on family system and their effectiveness and the relationship between the enlarged families with social and cultural values reflecting Korean tradition are also needed to be studied.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.92-98
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• 1988

The present study was performed to find the effects of ginseng and its saponins. which is written in Chung Yao Ta Tsu Tien as anti-amnesia in its chief indication. on experimental amnesia in mice. In the step through test. ginsenoside $Rb_1\;(GRb_1)\;and\;GRg_1$ facilitated the registration of memory and antagonized the electroconvulsive shock (ECS)-induced inhibition of the retention of memory. Moreover. $GRg_1$ antagonized the EtOH-induced inhibition of the retrieval of memory. In the step down test. $GRb_1\;GRb_2\;and\;GRg_1$ antagonized the ECS-induced inhibition of the retention of memory. Moreover. $GRg_1$ antagonized the EtOH-induced inhibition of the retrieval of memory and facilitated the acquisition of short term memory. In the shuttle hox and lever press tests. they have no effects on acquisition and retrieval of memory. except $GRb_1\;GRb_1$ depressed the retrieval of conditioned avoidance response in the shuttle box test. After the end of four tests. the effects of these orally administered drugs on sedative. analgesic. antipyretic and anticonvulsant actions. and on spontaneous and exploratory movements were tested in doses of less than 500mg/kg. but they had none of these effects. Present study may indicate that $GRg_1$ had effects on the retrieval of memory and on the acquisition process of learning response. The recent research on the role of NGF for the survival. regeneration and regulation of brain in adult animals. indicated the importance of NGF on dementia and amnesia. During our research on the specificity of the neurite out growth induced by NGF. we found that the effect of NGF was potentiated by $GRb_1$ in organ cultures of chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia. Then. the effect of $GRb_1$ on neuronal cell survivalin cell culture system was studied. $GRb_1$ potentiated the NGF-mediated increase of neurofilaments in cell cultures of chick embryonic sensory and sympathetic neurons. NGF with $GRb_1$ also showed a tendency to increase the number of surviving neurons of rat embryonic cerebral cortex. NGF increased choline acetyl transferase activity in cell cultures of rat embryonic septum area neurons. but $GRb_1$ did not potentiate NGF activity in cell cultures of rat embryonic septum area neurons. Present study may indicate that $GRb_1$ plays an important role for the survival or regeneration of neurons in the brain.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.568-577
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidative capacity of ethanol extracts from Rumex crispus L. The concentration of R. crispus L. extract at which DPPH radical scavenging activity was inhibited by 50% was 2.15 mg/mL, which was lower than that of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (0.43 mg/mL), as compared to 100% by pyrogallol as a reference. Total antioxidant status was examined by total antioxidant capacity against ABTS radical reactions. Total antioxidant capacities of R. crispus L. extract at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg/mL were 0.47 and 2.33 mM Trolox equivalents, respectively, which were higher than those of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. Superoxide scavenging activities of R. crispus L. extract at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg/mL were 21.5 and 78.9%, respectively, which were not significantly (p>0.05) different from those of catechin. Oxygen radical absorbance capacities of R. crispus L. extract at concentrations of 20 and 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ were 62.5 and 156.4 ${\mu}M$ Trolox equivalents, respectively, which were lower than those of ascorbic acid. Cupric reducing antioxidant capacities of R. crispus L. extract at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg/mL were 0.28 and 1.88 mM Trolox equivalents, which were similar or significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, respectively. R. crispus L. extract prevented supercoiled DNA strand breakage induced by hydroxyl radical and peroxyl radical. Total phenolic contents of R. crispus L. extract at concentrations of 0.5 and 5 mg/mL were 0.58 and 3.85 mM gallic acid equivalents, respectively. R. crispus L. extract at concentration of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/mL inhibited 0.2 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced cytotoxicity by 38.5 and 63.5%, respectively, in HepG2 cell culture system. Thus, strong antioxidant and cytotoxicity-inhibiting effects of R. crispus L. extract seem to be due to, at least in part, the prevention from free radicals-induced oxidation as well as high levels in total phenolic contents.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.204-211
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• 2006

For the production of the recombinant human interferon-gamma(rhIFN-${\gamma}$) in Escherichia coli, human glucagon and ferritin heavy chain were used as fusion partners. Even though rhIFN-${\gamma}$ is expressed as an inclusion body form in E. coli because of strong hydrophobicity of itself, over 50% of fused rhIFN-${\gamma}$ was expressed as soluble form in E. coli $Origami^{TM}$(DE3) harboring pT7FH(HE)-IFN-${\gamma}$ which encodes ferritin heavy chain-fused rhIFN-${\gamma}$. In the case of using glucagon-ferritin heavy chain hybrid mutant as a fusion partner, 6X His-tag was additionally introduced to N-terminus of GFHM(HE)-IFN-${\gamma}$ for enhancing purification yields of rhIFN-${\gamma}$. Fusion protein HGFHM(HE)-IFN-${\gamma}$ with two 6X His-tag was more effectively bound to Ni-NTA agarose bead than GFHM(HE)-IFN-${\gamma}$ with a 6X His-tag. rhIFN-${\gamma}$ was completely purified from enterokinase-treated HGFHM(HE)-IFN-${\gamma}$ by Ni-NTA affinity column. For high-level production of rhIFN-${\gamma}$, glucose was used as the sole carbon source with simple exponential feeding rate($2.4{\sim}7.2g/h$) in fed-batch process. The effective lactose concentration for the expression of the rhIFN-${\gamma}$ was $10{\sim}20mM$. Under the fed-batch culture conditions, rhIFN-${\gamma}$ production yield reached 11 g DCW/L for 6 hours after lactose induction.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.143-150
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• 2003

Korea has plentiful precipitation but rainfall events concentrate on several months of rainy season in her weather condition. Korea, therefore, experiences drought for a given period every year. Moreover the soil has usually low water holding capacity, as it is composed coarse particles originated from the granite. Response of several oaks and the Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) on water stress showed that water budget was significant factor determining vegetation distribution. In addition, dehydration level due to cold resistance mechanism of several evergreen plants during the winter season was closely related to their distribution in natural condition. Experimental result under water stress showed that the Korean red pine was very tolerant to desiccation but the seedlings showed high mortality during the dry season. The mortality tended to proportionate to soil moisture content of each site. A comparison between soil moisture content during June when it is severe dry season and moisture content of the culture soil when the pine seedlings reached the permanent wilting point due to water withheld proved that high mortality during the dry season was due to water deficit. Water potential of sample plants measured during the exposure experiment to the air pollutant showed a probability that water related factors would dominate the occurrence of visible damage and the tolerance level of sample plants. In both field survey and laboratory experiment, plants exposed to air pollution showed more rapid transpiration than those grown in the unpolluted condition. The result would due to injury of leaf surface by air pollutants. Aluminum (Al/sup 3+/) increased in the acid soil not only inhibits root growth but also leads to abnormal distribution of root system and thereby caused water stress. The water stresses due to air pollution and soil acidification showed a possibility that they play dominating roles in inducing forest decline additionally to the existing water deficit due to weather and soil conditions in Korea. Sludge, which can contribute to improve field capacity, as it is almost composed of organic matter, showed an effect ameliorating the retarded growth of plant in the acidified soil. The effect was not less than that of dolomite known in widely as such a soil ameliorator. Litter extract contributed also to mitigate the water stress due to toxic Al/sup 3+/. We prepared a model showing the potential interaction of multiple stresses, which can cause forest decline in Korea by synthesizing those results. Furthermore, we suggested restoration plans, which can mitigate such forest decline in terms of soil amelioration and vegetation restoration.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.77-92
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• 2014

Recently, numerous documents including unstructured data and text have been created due to the rapid increase in the usage of social media and the Internet. Each document is usually provided with a specific category for the convenience of the users. In the past, the categorization was performed manually. However, in the case of manual categorization, not only can the accuracy of the categorization be not guaranteed but the categorization also requires a large amount of time and huge costs. Many studies have been conducted towards the automatic creation of categories to solve the limitations of manual categorization. Unfortunately, most of these methods cannot be applied to categorizing complex documents with multiple topics because the methods work by assuming that one document can be categorized into one category only. In order to overcome this limitation, some studies have attempted to categorize each document into multiple categories. However, they are also limited in that their learning process involves training using a multi-categorized document set. These methods therefore cannot be applied to multi-categorization of most documents unless multi-categorized training sets are provided. To overcome the limitation of the requirement of a multi-categorized training set by traditional multi-categorization algorithms, we propose a new methodology that can extend a category of a single-categorized document to multiple categorizes by analyzing relationships among categories, topics, and documents. First, we attempt to find the relationship between documents and topics by using the result of topic analysis for single-categorized documents. Second, we construct a correspondence table between topics and categories by investigating the relationship between them. Finally, we calculate the matching scores for each document to multiple categories. The results imply that a document can be classified into a certain category if and only if the matching score is higher than the predefined threshold. For example, we can classify a certain document into three categories that have larger matching scores than the predefined threshold. The main contribution of our study is that our methodology can improve the applicability of traditional multi-category classifiers by generating multi-categorized documents from single-categorized documents. Additionally, we propose a module for verifying the accuracy of the proposed methodology. For performance evaluation, we performed intensive experiments with news articles. News articles are clearly categorized based on the theme, whereas the use of vulgar language and slang is smaller than other usual text document. We collected news articles from July 2012 to June 2013. The articles exhibit large variations in terms of the number of types of categories. This is because readers have different levels of interest in each category. Additionally, the result is also attributed to the differences in the frequency of the events in each category. In order to minimize the distortion of the result from the number of articles in different categories, we extracted 3,000 articles equally from each of the eight categories. Therefore, the total number of articles used in our experiments was 24,000. The eight categories were "IT Science," "Economy," "Society," "Life and Culture," "World," "Sports," "Entertainment," and "Politics." By using the news articles that we collected, we calculated the document/category correspondence scores by utilizing topic/category and document/topics correspondence scores. The document/category correspondence score can be said to indicate the degree of correspondence of each document to a certain category. As a result, we could present two additional categories for each of the 23,089 documents. Precision, recall, and F-score were revealed to be 0.605, 0.629, and 0.617 respectively when only the top 1 predicted category was evaluated, whereas they were revealed to be 0.838, 0.290, and 0.431 when the top 1 - 3 predicted categories were considered. It was very interesting to find a large variation between the scores of the eight categories on precision, recall, and F-score.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.119-122
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• 2004

It is well known that unidentified factors in sera, hormones and growth factors promote the proliferation of granulosa cells and nuclear maturation of bovine COCs in vitro. Attemps had been developed the simple composition of culture media and similar system to in vivo conditions has been applied. In the present study, we investigated the effect of TGF-${\beta}$ on in vitro maturation and in vitro development of Hanwoo COCs. When the COCs were matured in TCM 199 containing 0.1, 1 or 10 ng/ml TGF-${\beta}$ for 24 hrs, metaphaseⅡ of COCs were obtained 95.8%, 100% of matured COCs, respectively and there were no differences among the concentrations of TGF-${\beta}$. Matured COCs with TGF-${\beta}$ cultured in maturation medium after in vitro fertilization, developmental rate to blastocyst were 0~0.8%. Matured COCs with TGF-${\beta}$ were cultured in TCM 199+10% FBS, 0.8% BSA, 0.1% PVA, blastocyst formation were showed in 12.4%, 12.8%, 8.5% of those and cultured in IVMD or IVD without serum were 38.4%, 34.8%, respectively. There were significant differences among the media (P<0.05). TGF-${\beta}$ is available for i vitro maturation of bovine COCs, but further investigation would be need for finding the synergistic autocrine/paracrine fashion of other growth factors in early bovine development.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was performed to establish the in vitro culture system of porcine in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization(IVM/IVF) embryo. These studies was to determine the effects of antioxidants(aesculetin, taurine and melatonin) in porcine IVM/IVF embryos. In routine porcine IVM/IVF procedure, oocytes were cultured for 40∼44h incubation in NCSU 23 mediumand matured oocytes were inseminated with frozen semen. Then 2 to 8 cell embryos were removed cumulus cell and were allotted randomly to NCSU 23 containing different concentration of antioxidants in 5% $O_2$ and 5% $CO_2$ at 38.5$^{\circ}C$. Cell numbers of blastocyst were also counted using double fluorescence stain method. Aesculetin were added to NCSU 23 medium at concentration of 1 ug, 5 ug, and 10 ug, when treated with 10 ug(35.7%) of aesucletin at the rate of embryos of the morula plus blatocsyts were higher than those of any other groups (30.2%, 29.5% and 29.2%)(P<0.05). The developmental rates beyond morula stage of porcine embryos in NCSU 23 medium supplemented with taurine 0, 2.5 and 5.0 mM were 26.1%, 26.9% and 31.7%, respectively. The addition of 5.0 mM taurine was higher the developmental rate beyond morula stage than in any other groups. In NCSU 23 medium treated with melatonin 0, 1, 5 and 10 nM, the developmental rate of morula plus blastocysts were 33.3%, 39.1%, 33.3% and 27.9%, respectively. The developmental rate of morula and blascytocys treated with 1nM melatonin was higher than in any other groups(P<0.05). Cell numbers of blastocyst in NCSU 23 treated with melatonin 0, 1, 5 and 10nM were 41.0, 42.6, 39.6 and 33.0, respectively. These results indicate that aesculetin, taurine and melation can increase the developmental rate beyond the morulae and blastocysts in porcine embryos.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.83-87
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• 2004

The objective of this study was performed to establish the in vitro culture system of porcine in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization(IVM/IVF) embryo. These studies was to determine the effects of melatonin, nitric oxide donor(SNP), and the combination effects of SNP and melatonin in porcine IVM/IVF embryos. In routine porcine IVM/IVF procedure, oocytes were cultured for 40∼44h incubation, and the zygotes were cultured for 40∼44h in NCSU 23 medium. Then 2 to 8 cell embryos were removed cumulus cell and were allotted randomly to NCSU 23 containing different concentration of melatonin, SNP and SNP plus melatonin in 5% $O_2$, 5% $CO_2$ and 90% $N_2$ at 38.5$^{\circ}C$. Cell numbers of blastocyst were also counted using double fluorescence stain method. In NCSU 23 medium treated with melatonin 0, 1, 5 and 10 nM, the developmental rate of morula plus blastocysts were 33.3%, 39.1%, 33.3% and 27.9%, respectivly. This result show that the developmental rate of morula and blascytocys treated with 1 nM melatonin was higher than in any other groups(P<0.05). The developmental rates of morula plus blastocysts were 41.9% in 0 uM SNP, 25.6% in 50 uM and 28.4% in 100 uM, respectively. The developmental rate of morula plus blastocysts were decreased treated with SNP in NCSU 23. In combined effects of SNP plus melatonin (0, SNP 50 uM, SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 1 nM, SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 5 nM and SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 10 nM), the developmental rates beyond morula stage of porcine embryos were 31.3%, 34.1%, 39.5%, 29.4% and 39.5%, respectively. The addition of SNP 50 uM plus maltonin 1 nM, developmental rates of blastocyst was higher rate than in any other groups. Cell numbers of blastocyst in NCSU 23 treated with melatonin 0, 1, 5 and 10 nM were 41.0, 42.6, 39.6 and 33.0, respectively. In combined effects of SNP plus melatonin (0, SNP 50 uM, SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 1 nM , SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 5 nM and SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 10 nM), cell numbers of developed blastocyst were 36.3, 34.6, 39.0, 39.9 and 39.0, respectively. These result show that the cell numbers of blastocyst treated with 0, 1 and 5 nM melatonin were higher than in 10 nM group(P<0.05), but cell numbers of blatocyst produced by SNP plus melatonin were not significantly difference in all experimental groups.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.39-57
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• 2012

Recently, due to the introduction of high-tech equipment in interactive exhibits, many people's attention has been concentrated on Interactive exhibits that can double the exhibition effect through the interaction with the audience. In addition, it is also possible to measure a variety of audience reaction in the interactive exhibition. Among various audience reactions, this research uses the change of the facial features that can be collected in an interactive exhibition space. This research develops an artificial neural network-based prediction model to predict the response of the audience by measuring the change of the facial features when the audience is given stimulation from the non-excited state. To present the emotion state of the audience, this research uses a Valence-Arousal model. So, this research suggests an overall framework composed of the following six steps. The first step is a step of collecting data for modeling. The data was collected from people participated in the 2012 Seoul DMC Culture Open, and the collected data was used for the experiments. The second step extracts 64 facial features from the collected data and compensates the facial feature values. The third step generates independent and dependent variables of an artificial neural network model. The fourth step extracts the independent variable that affects the dependent variable using the statistical technique. The fifth step builds an artificial neural network model and performs a learning process using train set and test set. Finally the last sixth step is to validate the prediction performance of artificial neural network model using the validation data set. The proposed model is compared with statistical predictive model to see whether it had better performance or not. As a result, although the data set in this experiment had much noise, the proposed model showed better results when the model was compared with multiple regression analysis model. If the prediction model of audience reaction was used in the real exhibition, it will be able to provide countermeasures and services appropriate to the audience's reaction viewing the exhibits. Specifically, if the arousal of audience about Exhibits is low, Action to increase arousal of the audience will be taken. For instance, we recommend the audience another preferred contents or using a light or sound to focus on these exhibits. In other words, when planning future exhibitions, planning the exhibition to satisfy various audience preferences would be possible. And it is expected to foster a personalized environment to concentrate on the exhibits. But, the proposed model in this research still shows the low prediction accuracy. The cause is in some parts as follows : First, the data covers diverse visitors of real exhibitions, so it was difficult to control the optimized experimental environment. So, the collected data has much noise, and it would results a lower accuracy. In further research, the data collection will be conducted in a more optimized experimental environment. The further research to increase the accuracy of the predictions of the model will be conducted. Second, using changes of facial expression only is thought to be not enough to extract audience emotions. If facial expression is combined with other responses, such as the sound, audience behavior, it would result a better result.