• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.129-132
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• 1988

Ginseng is cultivated in Korea. Japan. China. the Soviet Union and North America. Studies of the macroclimate of each of these producing areas shows that ginseng has certain requirements for production. In each producing area the microclimate is modified in different ways. Comparisons of recent research data from North America. Korea and China is presented in order to define. more precisely. the various microclimate requirements for ginseng production. These include studies of light interception as influenced by different shade materials. In North America. wood. woven black polypropylene and knitted polyethylene shade are used. whereas in China. dried grasses are bound together in layers with wire and polyvinylchloride is inserted between the layers. The influence of these various shade materials in terms of crop grow1h and root yield are presented. The major effect of temperature seems to be on root growth. During much of the growing season optimum temperatures for root grow1h are not reached. Growth analysis data for different age plants are being used to show the effects of different soil temperature regimes on distribution of dry matter between the shoot and root.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2000

In order to determine the characteristics of $\beta$-glucosidase associated with cellulose degradation, the enzyme produced extracellularly by the mycelia of Tricholoma matsutake DGUM 26001 in culture broth was partially purified. The enzyme activity was maintained in the range of temperatures trom 55 to $70^{\circ}C$ and its optimum temperature was $65^{\circ}C$. The $\beta$-glucosidase enzyme showed relatively high activity in the range of pH 3.0-5.0 and its optimum pH was 4.0. Under the optimal conditions, the specific activity of $\beta$-glucosidase for salicin as a substrate was 18.7 unit/mg protein. After thermal treatment of the enzyme at $55^{\circ}C$ for 60 min, more than 90% of the enzyme activity was still sustained. Iron($Fe^{++}$) stimulated enzyme activity, whereas mercury($Hg^{++}$) and copper($Cu^{++}$) inhibited. Compared to salicin as a substrate, the relative activity for cellobiose was observed to be 48.6%. The apparent $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ of the enzyme with cellobiose were 0.12 mM and 0.02 umol/min, respectively.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 1997

Poly-${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrates(PHB) are well known intracellular biopolymer which are completely degraded to carbon dioxide and water in the landfill. The pressurized fermentation method was used to increase the cell growth of Alcaligenes eutrophus and productivity of PHB. The experimental data were analyzed in terms of carbon source and gas composition effects at various elevated pressures and temperatures. The results reveal that the flow rate of hydrogen gas of 0.0075vvm for the culture is better PHB production than the no hydrogen flow when fructose was used as a sole carbon source. The higher yields and productivities of PHB biosynthesized by A. eutrophus were obtained when the oxygen composition was changed from 2% to 8% at 6atm and $30^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.289-294
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• 2003

Gelatinase is a proteolytic enzyme that hydrolyzes gelatin. Gelatinolytic activity was detected from culture broths of Streptomyces griseus IFO13350 and HH1 by paper disc assays on 0.5% agar plates containing 1% gelatin. The concentrated extracellular protein from the S. griseus was analyzed by SDS polyacrylamide gel, and two proteins, with molecular weights of 30 and 28 kDa, respectively, were identified to have gelatinase activity by gelatin zymography. The protein with a molecular weight of 28 kDa was confirmed to be S. griseus trypsin (SGT). The effects of metal ions and metal chelators on the protease activity of the SGT were studied. Of the metal ions tested, only manganese was found to enhance the protease activity, 2.6 times, however, $Co^{2+},\;Cu^{2+},\;and\;Zn^{2+}$, and metal chelators, such as EDTA and EGTA, inhibited the SGT activity. When the protease activity of the SGT was measured at various pHs, in the presence of 5 mM $MnCl_2$, its highest activity was at pH 11.0, whereas only 60% of the maximum activity was observed between pHs 4.0 and pH 6.0, and almost 80% activity between pHs 7.0 to pH 10.0. The protease activity was measured at various temperatures in the presence of 5 mM $MnCl_2$. The SGT was found to be stable up to $60^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, while only 16% of the enzyme activity remained at $60^{\circ}C$, and at $80^{\circ}C$ almost all the activity was lost. The optimal temperature for the protease activity was $50^{\circ}C$.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.162-176
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• 2019

This study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of yogurt fermented at low temperature and the anti-inflammatory effect it has on induced colitis with 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in Balb/c mice. Yogurt premix were fermented with a commercial starter culture containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus at different temperatures: $22^{\circ}C$ (low fermentation temperature) for 27 h and $37^{\circ}C$ (general fermentation temperature) for 12 h. To measure antioxidant activity of yogurt samples, DPPH, $ABTS^+$ and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assays were conducted. For animal experiments, inflammation was induced with 2.5% DSS in Balb/c mice. Yogurt fermented at low temperature showed higher antioxidant activity than that of the yogurt fermented at general temperature. In the inflammatory study, IL-6 (interleukin 6) was decreased and IL-4 and IL-10 increased significantly in DSS group with yogurt fermented at general temperature (DYG) and that with yogurt fermented at low temperature (DYL) compared to that in DSS-induced colitic mice (DC), especially DYL had higher concentration of cytokines IL-4, and IL-10 than DYG. MPO (myeloperoxidase) tended to decrease more in treatments with yogurt than DC. Additionally, yogurt fermented at low temperature had anti-inflammatory activity, although there was no significant difference with general temperature-fermented yogurt (p>0.05).

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.153-162
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• 2021

In this study, a fish metabolic accelerator (a combination of butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin [BPC]) was injected into the muscle of the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, to investigate its effect on immunity and stress in fish maintained at low temperatures. A single dose of BPC was injected (100 mg/kg body weight) into the olive flounder, and its immunity and stress were observed after one and two weeks. Immunity tests revealed the presence of lysozyme (LZM), nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), myeloperoxidase (MPO), anti-protease (AP), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total immunoglobulin (TIg). BPC injection was found to increase immunity activity compared to the control group. In particular, there was significantly high GPx activity. There was similarly high activity for MPO and GPx in the first week following the injection, followed by significant differences between the BPC-injected and control groups in the second week. There was a reduced low water-temperature stress response in the BPC-injected fish, as evidenced by the cortisol and glucose levels of the control and BPC groups. Lower levels were also observed in the BPC group than the control group during the second week. Cortisol levels were significantly lower in the BPC group than the control group. Histological examinations were conducted in the first and second weeks after the intramuscular injection of the recommended BPC dose to confirm the safety of BPC in aquaculture. There were no abnormalities observed in any tissue samples. This study confirms that the injection of BPC is safe even when used in a culture situation. BPC helps relieve stress and improves non-specific immune responses (innate immunity) in the olive flounder.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.103-109
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• 2022

Lactic acid bacteria with antibacterial activity can be effectively used as probiotics to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria that cause food spoilage or food poisoning. In this study, Pediococcus pentosaceus M132-2, isolated from soybean paste, was analyzed for its effects on three major contaminating fungi. M132-2 was confirmed to exert antifungal activity by inhibiting the growth of all three fungi tested. In addition, M132-2 displayed excellent salt resistance and low temperature tolerance. Thus M132-2 can survive at the salinity level in cheese and at the low temperatures used in the aging process. Finally, when supernatant from an M132-2 culture was applied to Gouda cheese, the growth of contaminating fungi was significantly inhibited. Consequently, M132-2 may be useful for the prevention of spoilage of various foods, including cheese.

• ALGAE
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.81-92
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• 2023

Obesity-induced inflammation is crucial in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we investigated the effects of the Gracilaria chorda (GC) on lipid accumulation and obesity-induced inflammatory changes or glucose homeostasis in cell models (3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages). Samples of GC were extracted using solvents (water, methanol, and ethanol) and subcritical water (SW) at different temperatures (90, 150, and 210℃). The total phenolic content of GCSW extract at 210℃ (GCSW210) showed the highest content compared to others, and GCSW210 highly inhibited lipid accumulation and significantly reduced gene expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, and fatty acid synthase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, GCSW210 effectively downregulated the pro-inflammatory cytokine regulator pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophages, including mitogen-activated protein kinase, signal transducers and activators of transcription and nuclear factor-κB. In co-culture of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages, GCSW210 significantly reduced nitric oxide production and interleukin-6 levels, and improved glucose uptake with dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that GCSW210 improves glucose metabolism by attenuating obesity-induced inflammation in adipocytes, which may be used as a possible treatment option for managing obesity and associated metabolic disorders.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.281-281
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• 2022

Rice is a staple crop used by more than 50% of the world's population. However, in rapidly changing climates such as abnormal high temperatures and typhoons, the food security of rice is greatly threatened. Plant factories have the advantage of being able to grow crops regardless of climate change, so they can be a response to climate change. However, in plant factories, crops are grown by placing the culture bed vertically, so shorter crops are more efficient. Therefore, in order to search for genes related to the height of rice, QTL analysis was performed by investigating the plant height of Cheongcheong/Nagdong doubled haploids from 2017 to 2021. Plant height of rice investigated for five years showed a normal distribution, meaning that genes related to rice height are quantitative traits. As a result of QTL analysis, a total of 12 QTLs were detected, and QTLs overlapped for 5 years in RM12285-RM212 on chromosome 1. Also, The QTLs of plant height detected in 2019 has a LOD score of 17.64 in RM12285-RM212 region of chromosome 1. As a result of QTL analysis, 44 height-related genes were searched from the detected chromosomes, and among them, Os01g0757200 in RM 12285-RM212 on chromosome 1 region, named OsGA2ox3q1, were selected as genes related to the height of rice. The relative gene expression level of OsGA2ox3q1 was highly expressed in cultivar with short culm lines, and was low expressed in cultivar with long culm lines. OsGA2ox3q1 can be used to breed semi-dwarf cultivar in rice more efficiently.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.920-925
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• 2015

The microbial composition in Nuruk, a Korean cereal fermentation starter, is a critical factor for the quality and organoleptic properties of traditional alcoholic beverages. This study was aimed at monitoring the compositional change and enzyme activity of culturable lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in two types of Nuruk fermented at different temperatures. All culturable LAB were isolated at various time points (0, 3, 6, 10, 20, and 30 days) and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. In traditional Nuruk type A (TN-A), which was fermented at $36^{\circ}C$, the population of total culturable LAB during the fermentation period was between $10^4$ and $10^5$ log CFU/mL. On the other hand, the LAB population in traditional Nuruk type B (TN-B) fermented at $45^{\circ}C$ (primary fermentation for 10 days) and $35^{\circ}C$ (secondary fermentation for 20 days) was $10^2$ log CFU/mL; however, these bacteria could not be detected after 6 days. Major LAB strains were identified in both Nuruk types: (1) from the MRS-culture of TN-A, Pediococcus pentosaceus at 3-30 days; (2) from MRS-culture of TN-B, P. pentosaceus at 3 days and Enterococcus hirae at 6 days. The protease activities of the dominant LAB isolated from the TN-A and TN-B cultures were within the ranges of 0.64~1.03 mg/mL and 0.74~0.81 mg/mL (tyrosine content), respectively, whereas the ${\alpha}$-amylase activities were 0.75~0.98 mg/mL and 0.78~0.79 mg/mL (amylose content), respectively.