• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.365-372
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• 2014

The purpose of the present study is to determine the species of red and green pigments used on paintings of Korean temples and also to compare the two pigments according to the particle characteristics. The component analysis shows that the red pigment consists of cinnabar, hematite, and minium and the green pigment are composed of atacamite, celadonite, and malachite. The result suggests that mixture of various pigments were applied to the painting. When it comes to the particle characteristics, there are various hedral or anhedral shapes such as sharp, long, angular, and platy shapes even in the same cinnabar. In addition, the green pigment also shows a similar pattern with those of the red pigment. Up to now, an identification of minerals has been relied on examination of component and crystal shape. However, it is notable that using form related characteristics can be a better and useful method not only for categorization of pigments which are similar in terms of color and species but also specific index.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.49-57
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• 2012

With regard to the culture in cities this study aims to essential understanding and systematic approach to the culture. The "2011 Seoul Survey"report has been used to find out causality among the related variables. In the first place 'satisfaction of cultural condition' was operationally selected as a dependent variable for regression. For the purpose of controlling confounding factors for ceteris paribus effect correlation analysis was done between the dependent variable and all other variables respectively, which resulted in two groups of variables: group (1) - 6 variables of very significant correlations(p-value<0.01) and (2) - the other 6 variables of significant correlations(p-value<0.05). Then hierarchical regression was adopted to these 2 groups to analyse $R^2$ increment, statistical significance of independent variables, and multicollinearity(VIF; variance inflation factor). At last a regression model specified by group (1) as independent variables(they are 'social trust', 'satisfaction of walking condition', 'happiness index', 'preparation against old age', 'satisfaction of traffic condition' and 'hours for internet') shows that only 'social trust' variable has statistically significant and substantially strong effect on 'satisfaction of cultural condition.' This finding should be accepted on the following understanding; (1) urban culture has a collective attribute formed between people and society, (2) culture is somewhat telling and hearing stories and the confidence between tellers and hearers is essential in the mutual response and (3) stimulus is received by relationship in company with sense, emotion, thinking and action. In spite of restrictive external validity this finding can be used as a direction for promoting culture and a basis for related policy choice in cities.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.19-33
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• 2014

Recently, conservation and utilization of cultural heritage has been regarded as importance. So, various research papers about maintenance of the remains have been presented in many conferences. But most of researches have focused on introduction about maintenance methods and explanation about maintenance concepts of remains. And even in case of a few papers treated post-evaluation about maintenance of the remains the criteria of the evaluation has tended to somewhat subjective. So, the purpose of this study is to show the objective post-evaluation indexes which was developed by Delphi AHP methods. This research was proceeded in two stages. First, we arranged the evaluation index in a hierarchy to be made through the analyses about references and researches about maintenance of remains. 304 evaluation articles were elicited through the process. And then, elicited evaluation articles were classified with 'conservation' and 'utilization'. Second step was to figure out importance and validity of hierarchical evaluation articles with twice questionnaire surveys. This research used interval scale to comprehend validity and AHP method to evaluate relative importance of each other articles.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.28-36
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• 2010

Today We have three full series of the annals of Joseon Dynasty. Taebaeksan volume which is one of them shows comparatively good maintenance but Taebaeksan volume also decomposed in patches. The size of cover and inner paper were increased in late Joseon Dynasty, but the weight, thickness and basis weight bears no relation to each other. The oxidation index of paper in annals of pre-periods of King Sunjo shows very high value. After the annals of King Sunjo, the oxidation index of paper is very similar to today's Hanji. L.a.b values of inner paper in the Taebaeksan volume are similar generally. The average length of fiber using image analysis soft ware is 8.08~9.92 mm, that like immediate value of measurement. The air fraction of fiber's range is 1.20~2.12%. It lower than today's Hanji. After considering the factors of the length of fiber, air fraction and FE-SEM, we reached that no difference between raw material of inner paper in the Taebaeksan volume.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.374-385
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• 2009

This study aims to develop an index of food security in order to assess food security status in Korea and to evaluate reliability and validity of the index. The index of food security was developed based on the US Household Food Security Survey Module (US-HFSS). After the US-HFSS was translated and back-translated, it was evaluated and modified by a focus interview for experts. The developed Korean Household Food Security Survey Module (K-HFSS) was tested by cognitive interviews and a pretest for general community population to assess its application for Korean population. For the reliability and validity of K-HFSS, the survey was conducted with 300 adults aged 40 years or more living in a rural community and 212 infants and toddlers living in an urban community. The reliability was assessed by Cronbach' alpha and the validity was evaluated by content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity. The questionnaire items of K-HFSS were partly modified, accounting for Korean social and cultural backgrounds and adapted by general community population. The reliability was relatively high, showing Cronbach' alpha coefficients ranged from 0.80 (for adults) to 0.87 (for infants and toddlers). The content and construct validities were all acceptable. The result of criterion-related validity showed that food security status was significantly related to the household income level. In conclusion, the K-HFSS would be used as a reliable and valid instrument to assess food security status in parts of the Korean population.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.101-105
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• 2010

According to the Korea National Statistical Office data in 2008, the population over ages of 65 years would possess to 10.7% whole population of Korea in 2009 denoting Korea is already in the aging society. It is well-known that the possibility to work longer and to live better is highly related to the work ability of individuals. The objective of this study is to evaluate the work ability of each aged group using the Work Ability Index(WAI) in the shipbuilding industry, machinery industry and Korea housing corporation, and to assess the effect of the type of business, age and job on the WAI score. The results showed that no significant difference was identified on the effect of aging although work ability of some group(over 55 years) was a little higher than that of others. Also, type of business and job had a significant effect on WAI score. These results suggested that the work ability is not necessarily related to aging in Korean society. One possible explanation for this might be different cultural characteristics of Korean society.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2019

Purposes - This study discusses various aspects of familiarity with the sea and how familiarity with the sea is perceived. This study also summarizes the literature on the factors of previous researches that affect the formation or decision of national image. Research design and methodology - Sea familiarity index was derived from the results of recognition of free association with the sea, friendliness with the sea, association of the sea with life, interest to the sea, Korea's representative marine regions, and sea related emotionalism. The familiarity with the sea (ocean) perceived by foreign visitors or foreigners in the future will be helpful in deriving a comparative research. Results - This study has identified the marine tourism resources, marine ecology, and the cognitive and emotional situations consumers feel that should be developed practically. If a continuous time series research is conducted in the future through these, it will be a chance to provide a basis for consumers' dynamic awareness. Conclusions - Through this study, it is pointed out that the research utilizing the sea and ocean to form national image highly suggested an opportunity to add and utilize new variables academically. This study on the perspective of the formation of national image suggests a new approach to add and utilize new variables to future research using the sea and ocean.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.233-242
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• 2014

In terms of both quality of rural lifestyle and cultural awareness, the importance of community facility is being emphasized. Nevertheless, by occasion of graying, population outflow and revenue loss, rural society faces the erosion of community. For these reasons, government is promotion an community space construction project on rural areas which is lack of community facilities. Whereas the projects are just one off thing not include upkeeping, so lots of functional overlapping community facilities are formed in same place. In this study has classified rural community facility remodeling element and designed rural community facility evaluation system of each elements. In order to implement of purpose, it has categorized community remodeling index in rural area by literature analysis and site survey. For setting remodeling rating system, this study analysed preceding research data and conducted a Delphi survey of 30 experts. As a result, this study deducted 29 categories of community remodeling index and 21 categorizes of remodeling rating clause. Taking this result, this study progressed case study on seonheul-ri in Jeju. Implications, limitations and future research directions are presented. It would be groundwork for remodeling system development in rural community facility.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.791-801
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• 2021

This study aims to test whether and to what extend national culture affects the readiness of business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce across the world. We regress two sets of data at national level: (1) the ratings of two main dimensions of Hofstede's national culture framework, uncertainty avoidance and individualism, and (2) UTCTAD B2C e-commerce index value. A sample of 83 countries was tested in this study. Several control variables at national level are included in our regression model. We find that these two cultural dimensions have an effect on the readiness of B2C e-commerce in various ways. We find that countries with high individualism score have high index value of B2C e-commerce development. We discuss the implications of these findings for B2C e-commerce developing strategies. We then call for designing relative policies with full consideration on national culture to promote the development of B2C e-commerce. In addition, we identify the limitations of the study and propose recommendations for future research. This study is the first one to use UNCTAD data on B2C e-commerce to explore the relationships between two dimensions of Hofstede's national culture and the readiness of B2C e-commerce and adds to the knowledge of literature in this research field.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.23-34
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• 2012

As the quality of life grows, the role of cultural facilities in urban areas is becoming more important. However, due to various reasons, the location of these facilities shows the geographical imbalance between urban regions. Even though provision of road network can improve this kind of urban problem, in many countries, the provision of urban infrastructure plays a role which is magnifies the cultural gap between regions and socio-economic classes. The findings of this study are as follows. First of all, the inequality of accessibility to cultural facilities is shown over the period. Cross-sectional data shows that the higher the income of a region, the higher the accessibility index(AI) of the zone to cultural facilities at any time. Next, the provision of road network contributes the improvement of AI of high income region. Finally the provision of new facilities has a tendency that these kind of facilities are located to make AI of high income zone better. It means that the decision making by city government intensifies the geographical inequality. This result would be very useful in the decision making process for determining the number and the location of cultural facilities and other similar urban infrastructure as well. Also it will be helpful for the selection of optimal location which considered not only physical distances but also social equalities.