• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.35-47
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• 2019

The mycelial growth of P. coccineus strain was good in PDA and YMA, but mycelial growth was low in MEA. Light irradiation during the incubation period affected the pigment formation and density of mycelia. Mushroom of P. coccineus strain was able to produce fruiting bodies in both bottle and bag cultivation, and oak sawdust was found to be the most suitable substrate for spawn culture and cultivation. In artificial cultivation using sawdust medium, fruiting body was grown to the extent that visual observation was possible from the 15th day, and it formed about 5 days fast in the treatment group with low relative humidity. From 40 to 45 days of mushroom development, mature fruiting bodies could be harvested, and the lower relative humidity of the growing room favored mushroom development and growth. Antioxidant activity of fruiting bodies harvested from artificial cultivation showed that ABTS radical scavenging activity of bottle-cultivated and wild fruit bodies were shown at 505㎍/㎖ and 515㎍/㎖, respectively. However, fruiting bodies harvested in bag cultivation were high at 910㎍/㎖. As a result of DPPH radical scavenging activity, all extracts were found to be inactive, exhibiting IC₅₀ value of more than 2,000㎍/㎖ concentration. The ethyl acetate extract of mushrooms obtained from bottle cultivation showed the highest activity with 1,550㎍/㎖ IC₅₀ value. Methanol extract of wild fruit bodies had the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity at the same concentration (10mg/㎖).

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.429-440
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• 2023

Wild Lentinula edodes (shiitake) strains are an important breeding material for developing new varieties suitable for various consumer preferences and environmental conditions. The morphological characteristics of 100 wild shiitake strains collected from 14 regions were investigated in a sawdust block cultivation. The characteristics of their fruiting bodies were diverse. Among them, 38% of the caps was convex, 33% was broadly umbonate, 27% was applanate, and 2% was shallowly depressed. In terms of their stipes, 55, 23, and 22% were the column, clavate, and funnel type, respectively. The shape of the cap was the most diverse on Mt. Hwaak, whereas the shape of the stipe showed various phenotypes from various regions. Even among strains collected from the same forest, different types of mushrooms were observed. In conclusion, wild shiitake strains that have adapted to various environmental stress can be used to develop new varieties. Thus, securing various genetic resources and studying their traits are important for researching breeding technology.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.68-74
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• 2011

Cauliflower mushroom ($Sparassis$ $crispa$) is being cultivated as a functional mushroom since the mushroom contains larger amount of ${\beta}$-glucan than other edible or medicinal mushrooms. In this study, as a fundamental study for the cultivation process of cauliflower mushroom, we assayed the mycelial growth and the productivity of the mushroom cultivated on the sawdust-based medium made of larch ($Larix$ $kaempferi$) by 4 kinds of medium densities and 6 kinds of particle sizes. Low densities of sawdust-based media (0.68~0.72 g/$cm^3$) showed high variations in mycelial growth at early stage on sawdust-based medium. The coefficient of variance for the mycelial growth decreased from higher than 40% at the 3rd week to lower than 10% at the 7th week. High density of sawdust-based medium (0.80 g/$cm^3$) showed relatively lower variation in the mycelial growth at early stage with less than 30% of coefficient of variance, the high density of sawdust-based medium was thought to be quite stable compared to the lower densities of sawdust-based medium. From the viewpoint of mushroom productivity especially for the goods (excluding bottom of fruiting body), 0.76 g/$cm^3$ was better than any other densities; the return rates of fruiting body from each medium were 12.2, 13.6, 13.1, and 12.0% for 0.80, 0.76, 0.72, and 0.68 g/$cm^3$, respectively. By the way, it took about 40 days for harvesting from primordium formation with the sawdust-based medium excluded the particles less than 1 mm, while it took about 70 days with the medium including the particles less than 1 mm. The yield from the sawdust-based medium with the particles less than 1 mm was also quite less than any other sawdust-based medium especially for the goods. Therefore, we recommend that the sawdust-based medium with larch for the cultivation of cauliflower mushroom be prepared as 0.76 g/$cm^3$ in medium density with excluding the particles less than 1 mm.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.202-206
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• 2016

Oyster mushrooms are widely cultivated and consumed in Korea. P. ostreatus 'Suhan(ASI 2504)' is an ideal cultivar for mushroom farmers due to its dark pileus and thick stipe; however, as it is very sensitive to environmental conditions, an alternative cultivar is required. To develop a new cultivar, parental strains 'Suhan(ASI 2504)' and 'ASI 0665 (Heuktari)' were selected from various collected strains according to morphological characteristics. P. ostreatus 'Soltari' was developed by DiMon crossing between the dikaryotic strain 'Suhan' and the monokaryotic strain derived from 'Heuktari'. Thirty-eight of the 100 crossed strains were selected following analysis of mitochondrial genetic characteristics, and 'Soltari' was ultimately selected by continuous cultivation tests. The mitochondrial DNA profile of 'Soltari' was found to be the same as that of 'Heuktari, and a nuclear DNA profile of 'Soltari' was similar as those of the parental strains, 'Suhan' and 'Heuktari.' 'Soltari' mycelium grows adequately in moderate to high temperatures of $12-20^{\circ}C$, although its optimum temperature was found to be $30^{\circ}C$. Fruiting body production per 1.1-L cultivation bottle was approximately 158.8 g. Its stipe length and thickness were comparable to those of diameter and thickness were somewhat lower (42.72 vs. 51.33 mm and 18.18 vs. 22.46 mm, respectively). 'Soltari' was found to be more resistant to high $CO_2$ atmosphere than 'Suhan', and the color of the pileus of 'Soltari' was dark gray at high temperature. Therefore, it is suggested that this new cultivar 'Soltari' is a good alternative cultivar and will contribute to energy saving in oyster mushroom farms.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2004

Pleurotus ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, is one of the most widely cultivated and important edible mushrooms in the world. In order to study the developmental process of P. ostreatus and its regulatory mechanism, a new culturing method needs to be established for inducing the fruiting body and sporulation in the laboratory. In this study, we have examined whether the fruiting body of P. ostreatus can be formed on the plastic petri dish which are commonly used for cell culture in the laboratory. The strain was cultured on $60{\times}15mm$ plastic petri dish with potato dextrose agar media at $28^{\circ}C$ for mycelial growth and then at $18^{\circ}C$ for the formation of primordia and fruiting bodies within plant growth chamber. The development of primordia into fruiting bodies was achieved on cultured dishes under air ventilation. At the primordia stage, the normal formation of fruiting body was blocked by sealing the plastic dish with parafilm. The periods requiring for the formation of primordia and fruiting bodies were examined on the dish culture. About 96% and 76% of cultured samples formed primordia and fruiting bodies under the optimal conditions during ten weeks of culture, respectively. These culturing periods, however, were changed by the mechanical injury treatment to mycelia. As other factors affecting the fruiting body formation, the effects of light and cold shock have been tested. No fruiting formation was observed on the cultured dishes under the dark. The cold shock treatment by storing cultured dishes for one day at $4^{\circ}C$ did not have any significant effects in the fruiting body formation. Spores of fruiting bodies acquired from the petri dishes could be germinated on culture media at $28^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that the fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus can be formed on the experimental petri dish and this dish-culturing method is useful for understanding of the developmental process of P. ostreatus in the laboratory. Furthermore, the dish-culturing method is able to shorten the life cycle of P. ostreatus without requiring large area and expensive device.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.1041-1048
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• 2012

Shiitake mushroom (SM; Lentinus edodes) are cultivated and consumed in many Asian countries including Vietnam, China, Japan, Korea, and Thailand. In Asia, SM are mainly dried and used as flavoring. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of SM created with different drying processes, such as oven-dried and sun-dried, on the antioxidative and antigenotoxic effects. Raw and dried SM were extracted with acetone, ethanol, methanol, and hot water. The antioxidant effects of SM were evaluated by determining total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity (RSA), an ORAC assay, and a cellular antioxidant capacity (CAC) assay. The inhibitory effect of SM on oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in human leukocytes was evaluated by a Comet assay. The total phenolic content of raw SM extracted with methanol and of that extracted with water were significantly higher than the dried SM. Among the water extracts, the $IC_{50}$ for DPPH RSA of raw and sun-dried SM were significantly higher than that of oven-dried SM. Sun-dried SM showed the most potent ORAC value at 50 g/mL. The CAC against $AAPH^-$ induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells, and $H_2O_2$ induced DNA damage were effectively protected against by all SM extracts. These results suggest that unprocessed SM are the best antioxidants, and that the sun-dried method would be the best option to use in terms of antioxidant activity and the antigenotoxic effect.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.205-210
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• 2019

This study was conducted to elucidate the optimal nitrogen content for each variety of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) by investigating the change in the characteristics of fruiting body according to the nitrogen content of the sawdust media, and to use the results as the basic data for cultivation of high quality oyster mushroom. The nitrogen content was adjusted to 1.3%, 1.6%, 1.8% and 2.3%, and at each condition, mycelial growth was observed, which showed that the nitrogen content did not affect the rate of mycelial growth and density substantially. In the investigation of the characteristics of fruiting body, at the 1.8% nitrogen content, Chunchu No.2 showed the pileus diameter of 27 mm, and the stipe diameter and length of 11 mm and 61 mm, respectively, and the measurement of its color values revealed that the brightness of the pileus and the stipe was 31 and 80, respectively, offering the best commercial value, and yielding 25 valid stipes, which was the largest number. Likewise, at the 1.8% nitrogen content, Heuktari also showed the excellent growth characteristics including the pileus diameter of 29 mm and the stipe diameter and length of 10 mm and 68 mm, respectively, and the superb color values of the brightness of 37 at the pileus and 78 at the stipe. Moreover, the number of valid stipes was also found to be the highest with 19. In terms of morphological characteristics such as the pileus diameter and color, Soltari also produced the best mushrooms at the 1.8% nitrogen content and the number of valid stipes was high with 22. In summary, irrespective of varieties of oyster mushroom, high quality products could be cultivated at the nitrogen content of 1.8%.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.35-47
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• 2018

A edible mushroom, Clitocybe maxima (Lentinus giganteusis) commercially cultivated in China and Taiwan. However, the researches of cultivation and cultural characteristics were not reported in Korea. In this study, we conducted on cultural characteristics and artificial cultivation of C. maxima. Six isolates were collected from China(3 isolates, commercial strain), Taiwan(1 isolate, commercial strain) and Korea(2 isolates, wild type). C. maxima and L. giganteus collected in China and Taiwan, respectively, are the same in China and are estimated to be of the same species as cultured characteristics. The mycelial growth of the collected strains was not significantly different in agar medium but it showed the best growth in YPMG in liquid culture. Optimum temperature for mycelial growth and induction of fruit body were 25℃ and 30℃, respectively. In order to artificial cultivation of C. maxima, cultural characteristics and artificial cultivation were carried out using agricultural by-products and forestry by-products materials. Mycelial growth was suitable in rice straw, cottonwood sawdust, corncob and rice seed medium, and it was selected as a cultivation medium. The suitable medium for artificial cultivation of C. maxima was selected to mixed medium 2(compounding ratio(v/v): 55% of hardwood sawdust, 5% of cottonseed pellets, 10% of cottonseed, 15% of beet pulp, 15% of swollen rice husks). It took about 30 days to be able to harvest, it was faster than oyster mushrooms. The cultivation period was about 30days. A isolate, CMA-002 was not initiation to fruit body primordiuma on the used cultivation substrate. Other 5 isolates were initiate and development to fruit body on the substrate used in this study. The strain CMA-003 was initiated to be fruiting body by 8~10 days after induction of fruiting body in all of the substrates. Isolate CMA-003 was generate to a bundle fruit body. Other isolates, however, were form fruit body individually. The CMA-003 strain was likely highly recommendable strains for farming. The optimum conditions for the induction and growth of C. maxima fruit body were 25~30℃, 8 hr illumination per day with white fluorescent lamp, 90~95% relative humidity, and 1,500 ppm of CO₂ concentration in a cultivation room.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.60-66
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• 2024

This study was conducted to selection and investigate appropriate conditions for mass production of antagonistic microbes to control cobweb disease caused by Cladobotryum mycophilum. A grampositive bacterium was isolated from spent substrate of Agaricus bisporus and showed significant antagonistic activity against Cladobotryum mycophilum. The bacterium was identified as Bacillus altitudinis. based on the cultural, biochemical and physiological characteristics, and 16S rRNA sequence. The isolate is saprophytic, but not parasitic nor pathogenic to cultivated mushroom whereas it showed strong inhibitory effects against C. mycophilum cells in vitro. The control efficacy of B. altitudinis HC7 against cobweb disease of C. mycophilum was up to 78.2% on Agaricus bisporus. The suppressive bacterium may be useful for the development of biocontrol system. To define the appropriate conditions for the mass production of the Bacillus altitudinis HC7, we have investigated appropriate culture conditions and effects of various nutrient source on the bacterial growth. The appropriate initial pH and temperature were determined as pH 6.0 and 30℃, respectively. The appropriate concentration of medium elements for the growth of pathogen inhibitor bacterium(Bacillus altitudinis HC7) was determined as follows: 3.0% soluble startch, 10% soytone, 1.0% (NH₄)₂HPO₄, 1.0 mmol KCl, and 0.5% L-asparagine.