• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국문화재보존과학회 2004년도 제20회 발표논문집
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• pp.137-153
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• 2004

We have analyzed the ingredients of 17 pieces of Bronze Age bronze ware, and an additional 22 pieces of Koryo and Chosun dynasty bronze ware. We have also conducted analysis of the extraction sites where these bronze ware items were found. For analyzing the main ingredient the bronze ware items have been divided into 3 groups - Cu-Sn(70?75:20), Cu-Pb-Sn(70:10:10), Cu-Pb-Sn(60:10:20) type respectively. In tile cases of the Cu-Pb-Sn groups the division comes down to differences in the Cu content as the main component, and elements such as Ni, Fe, Co contribute as a micro ingredient. The geographical and periodic characteristics of ancient bronze ware items show that theircompositional element changes from Cu:Sn to Cu:Pb:Sn and the Cu content decreases with the period,while the Pb content increases with the period. Bronze ware items from Suchon Ri, Gongju (that were used in 3 B.C.) form very different categories from 3rd ${\~}$ 2nd B.C.. They additionally formed very different categories from those bronze ware items analyzed in this research. These bronze ware itemsare shown to be geographically close and periodically overlapped, but made of a new elemental composition. This shows an inflow of a production technical culture present in the new bronze wares. The main component content of Cu is lower, and the Co and Fe contents (as microelements) are much higher than that of other bronze ware items. Such facts showthat those bronze ware items used completely different materials from bronze ware items in other cultural areas, or that there were differences in smelting techniques In the places where ancient bronze ware items have been extracted, it is presumed that the materials originated from the southern parts of Korea andnorthern parts and southern parts of China. .As more bronze ware scientific research is compiled one can conclude that that there will be enough scientific evidence to study the Bronze Age culture of Koreasystematically.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.27-39
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• 1992

Metallurgical studies of the bronze artifacts excavated from Miruksa Temple were performed by chemical analysis and metallographic observation. Alloy systems of the bronze artifacts were classified into two groups of Cu-Sn and Cu-Sn-Pb, according to the items. The contents of impurities such as Sb, As, Ni and Fe in bronze artifacts are within the limiting range of the mod ern standard bronze castings. Chemical compositions of the kitchen utensils such as bronze vessels and dishes in the Unified Silla dynasty, are in the follow ing range, Cu : 74.8-79.4% and Sn : 18.6-21.1%. Chemical composition of the Buddha-image in Koryo dynasty are 820Cu-7.0Sn-10.3Pb, showing increased Pb content and decreased Sn content. The results of chemical analysis suggest that the chemical compositions were good controlled. Any casting defects such as voids and shrinkage holes are not found microscopically, indicating high casting skill. Zinc atoms are not contained in the all bronze artifacts of Miruksa Temple site. This is the common facts founded in the east asian bronze artifacts of Korea, China and Japan. It is comparable with the European bronze of Cu-Sn-Pb-Zn system, after the Middle Age.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.317-325
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• 1992

Diamond is the hardest material known to humans, also possesses the highest thermal conductivity and a very low thermal expansion coefficient. Therefore, these properties of diamond make them logical choices for many difficult grinding application. Bonding material is a very important factor to performance of a grinding wheel. Grinding glass constitutes one of the major application areas of diamond grinding wheels, and Cu-Sn tin bronze matrix is widely used as a metal bond of diamond wheel in grinding glass but these studies are rarely reported. The bronze test pieces excluding diamond are sintered by the method of hot sizing respectively at $600^{\circ}C$, $650^{\circ}C$, $700^{\circ}C$, with a composition(Cu-10wt%Sn) on ${\alpha}$ phase and two compositions(Cu-20wt%Sn and Cu-23wt%Sn) on ${\alpha}+{\beta}$ phase. The rupture strength of Cu-10wt%Sn is highest. The bronze bonded diamond wheels are manufactured by same conditions as the bronze test pieces. The results of grinding ratio of wheels are highest in case of Cu-10wt%Sn bonded wheel sintered at $650^{\circ}C$ and grinding power is highest in same composition sintered at $700^{\circ}C$.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.2-9
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• 2004

This study has examined the metallurgical microstructures and alloy compositions of 3 bronze artifacts, a vessel, a spoon and a chopstick, manufactured in the Koryo Dynasty. The results show that they were made from Cu-Sn alloys whose Sn content ranges from 22 to 24% by weight. It is of significant importance to find that they were all given special thermo-mechanical treatments during their manufacturing. It has been found that the Koryo bronze workers were well aware of the mechanical properties of ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, ${\gamma}$ and ${\delta}$ phases that appear in the Cu-Sn alloys. Knowing how to promote or suppress the formation of each phase, they were able to find proper alloy compositions and temperatures for the high Sn alloys to be successfully forged. The present study will detail the Koryo bronze technology as estimated from the microstructures of the 3 bronze artifacts. The results of the reproduction experiments with Cu-24%Sn will also be presented to explain how the microstructures develop and to estimate the mechanical properties of each phase.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.508-517
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• 2019

본 연구는 청동 정문경 제작공정 재현과정에서 생산된 합금 및 부산물을 대상으로 자연과학적 분석을 실시하였다. 재현실험의 합금비율은 국보 제141호 정문경에 대한 분석결과(Cu 61.7%, Sn 32.3%, Pb 5.5%)를 바탕으로 하였다. 사용된 원료에 대한 X-선 형광분석 결과, 구리는 Cu 98.9 wt%, 주석은 Sn 99.0 wt%, 납은 Pb 70.2 wt%, Sn 21.8 wt%로 확인되었다. 합금 용융 시주석과 납의 기화량을 감안하여 Sn, Pb은 5 wt%씩 더 첨가하였다. 1차 재현실험 결과는 Cu 58.8 wt%, Sn 36.9 wt%, Pb 4.4 wt%, 2차 재현실험 결과는 Cu 58.7 wt%, Sn 35.9 wt%, Pb 5.5 wt%로 확인되었다. 성분조성은 Cu와 Sn에서 약 3 wt%씩 차이를 보였으며, 미세조직은 주로 δ상이 관찰되어 선행연구와 유사한 양상을 나타내었다. 본 연구를 통해 향후 고대 청동거울의 재료학적 특성 규명에 있어 기초자료로 활용되었으면 한다.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제2권
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• pp.57-68
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• 2000

청주 사뇌사지에서 출토된 청동기 12점에 대한 과학 분석을 실시하였다. 이들 각 시료의 금속조직에 나타난 결정 입자의 형태, 크기, 분포와 관련하여 검토한 결과 식기류, 제기류, 타명기류로 나타났는데 성분조성에 따른 분류 결과와도 일치하였다. 식기류는 주로 단조품으로서 성분조성비는 Cu:Sn:Pb≃8:2:0, 제기류는 주조품으로서 Cu:Sn:Pb≃7:1:2, 타명기류는 Cu:Sn:Pb≃85:10:5/9:1:0이었다. 즉, 원료의 배합비는 제품의 용도 및 제작방볍과 밀접한 관계가 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. Cu와 상관계수가 높은 원소는 Co, Fe, As이었는데 이는 Cu 광물에 불순물로 함께 분포한다는 것을 의미하며 As 함량은 식기류, 제기류, 타명기류 순으로 증가한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 납 함유량이 높은 청동기 3점의 납동위원소비를 분석하고 원료의 산지를 추정한 결과 일본·중국산 납을 사용한 것으로 나타났다. 땜납의 성분조성은 Cu:Sn:Pb≃83:12:5이었으며 Pb의 결정이 작고 고르게 분포하고 있었다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.417-425
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• 2014

구리에 다양한 비율의 주석을 혼합하여 청동합금을 제작하고 합금 비율에 따른 색도 변화를 분석하였다. 색도를 미세조직의 변화와 함께 분석한 결과, Cu-Sn 청동은 주석함량이 높아질수록 적 황색도를 나타내는 $a^*$와 $b^*$값은 감소하며 전체적인 백색도가 크게 증가하였다. 하지만 백색도와 밀접한 $L^*$값이 감소하는 특이한 현상을 보였다. Cu-Sn 청동의 미세조직 내에서 존재하는 ${\alpha}$상의 비율이 증가될수록 적 황색도가 높아졌고, ${\delta}$상의 비율이 증가할수록 $a^*$와 $b^*$값이 낮아졌다. 한편 동일한 성분 조성을 가진 Cu-22% Sn 청동을 다양한 열처리 조건으로 상변화를 일으킬 경우 주조 조직인 ${\alpha}+{\delta}$상과 담금질 조직인 ${\alpha}+{\gamma}$상, ${\alpha}+{\beta}$상에서 미세한 색도변화가 일어났다. 이는 동일한 조성의 합금도 다른 분율을 가진 미세조직을 생성시킴에 따라 색상 변화가 생길 수 있음을 보여준다. Cu-Sn 청동을 담금질할 경우, 합금 내에서의 미세조직 변화에 따른 적 황색도는 ${\alpha}$상, ${\beta}$상, ${\gamma}$상, ${\delta}$상의 순으로 감소하였다.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2008

Examination of two bronze vessels supposedly from the Koryo dynasty revealed that they consist of bowls and stands that are fixed together using rivet joints made of Cu-Ag alloys. The bowls and stands were forged out of unleaded bronze alloys of approximately 22 weight % Sn before being quenched from the ${\alpha}+{\beta}$ region of the Cu-Sn phase diagram. This specific alloy and the thermo-mechanical treatment constitute two key elements of the unique technical tradition called Bangcha (방짜) that has long been established in Korea. The high Sn content ensures better casting and the thermal treatment causes the brittle ${\delta}$ phase to be avoided in forging as well as in services. The experiment on the laboratory Cu-Ag alloys of varying Ag contents suggested that the Cu-Ag system was the best choice of materials for the rivets at the time in view of their color, availability, ductility and low melting points.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.484-492
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• 1999

The microstructures and mechanical properties of high strength yellow brass, Al bronze and Sn bronze alloys fabricated by gravity die casting and squeeze casting were investigated. A rapid cooling of casting was enhanced by pressure applied during solidification of Cu alloys, the cooling rate of casting was more great for high strength yellow brass alloy than other Cu alloys. Grain size and phases of the squeeze cast products become refined to 1/2 level compared to gravity die castings. Squeeze cast Al bronze and high strength yellow brass has about 10-20% higher yield and tensile strength and slighter decreased or nearly same elongation, compared to gravity die cast ones. Sn bronze has nearly same strength and hardness, but shows increased in elongation, compared to gravity die cast ones.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2001

부여 능산리절터 제3건물지(공방)의 북측 공방터에서 수습된 청동덩어리 시료 4개에 대한 금속학적 조사를 실시하였다. 시료 단면의 미세조직은 SEM을 이용하여 관찰하였고, 시료의 정성 및 정량분석은 EDS를 이용하였다. 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 절터 제3건 물지 내의 북측공방터에서 수습된 청동덩어리 시료 1과 시료 2는 동제련 과정에서 형성된 동피(matte)를 제련하여 만든 조동(粗銅)로 추정되고, 시료 3은 구리 제련 과정에서 만든 정동(精銅)에 주석만을 첨가하여 합금했을 가능성이 있는 Cu-Sn계 청동덩어리이고, 시료 4는 정동에 주석과 납을 함께 첨가하여 합금했을 가능성이 있는 Cu-Sn-Pb계의 청동덩어리였다. 이 제3건물지(공방)에서는 동광석을 제련하여 동피를 만들거나, 외부에서 반입된 동피를 녹여 조동을 만들고, 이것들을 다시 정련하여 정동을 만든 다음에, 주석과 납을 첨가시켜 조성이 다른 여러 가지 청동제품을 만든 것으로 추정된다.