• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.323-329
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• 2014

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of copper-soy proteinate (Cu-SP) and herbal mixture (HBM) on growth performance, blood parameter, and immune response in laying hens. A total 800 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (60 weeks old) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments : (1) Control : control diet, (2) Cu-SP : control diet + 100 mg/kg Cu-soy proteinate, (3) HBM : control diet + 0.15% herbal mixture, and (4) Cu-SP + HBM : control diet + 100 mg/kg Cu-soy proteinate + 0.15% herbal mixture. Each treatment was replicated 5 times with forty birds units were arranged according to randomized block design. Feeding trial lasted 5 weeks under 16L : 8D lighting regimen. The diet and water were available ad libitum. Result indicated that during feeding trial of the experiment, hen-day egg production was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Cu-SP and HBM treated groups than control. However, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, broken and shell less egg production were not significantly influenced by treatments. Eggshell strength was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Cu-SP than control. Eggshell thickness, eggshell color, egg yolk color, Haugh unit were not significantly influenced by treatments. The level of WBC and stress index (heterophil : lymphocyte) were higher in supplemented groups than the control. The concentration of plasma IgG was higher in supplemented groups than the control. The result of this experiment showed that dietary copper-soy proteinate or herbal mixture tended to improve egg production and affect positively on immune response of laying hens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1712-1716
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• 2004

Copper-bearing montmorillonite (Cu-MMT) was produced by $Cu^{2+}$ cation exchange reaction. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that that the (001) basal spacing of the MMT crystal lattice increased from 1.544 to 1.588 nm after $Cu^{2+}$ exchange. This indicated that $Cu^{2+}$ entered into interlayer position of MMT as a hydrated cation or composite cation. In vitro results indicated that Cu-MMT had antibacterial activity on Escherichia coli $K_{88}$. Cu-MMT had unbalanced positive charge after cation exchange. Its antibacterial activity resulted from two aspects, one was electrostatic attraction which made E. coli $K_{88}$ being adhered on the montmorillonite surface, the other was the $Cu^{2+}$ slowly released, which could kill bacteria. In an in vivo study, four replicates of eight weanling pigs were assigned to each of two dietary treatments to study the effects of Cu-MMT on diarrhea, E. coli in the lumen of the jejunum and morphology of jejunal mucosa. As compared to the control, supplementation of the diet with 0.2% Cu-MMT improved average daily gain by 12.50% (p<0.05) and decreased F/G by 9.42% (p<0.05). The mean diarrhrea incidence was decreased by 71.80% (p<0.05). The viable counts of Escherichia coli in jejunal contents were significantly reduced (p<0.05). Villus height and the villus height to crypt depth ratio at the jejunal mucosa were increased by 19.09% (p<0.05) and 37.10% (p<0.05), respectively.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.31.1-31.12
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• 2021

Background: Blackened intestines in slaughtered pigs have been commonly observed in China in recent years. However, no cause has been reported. Objectives: We attempted to determine whether the blackening of the pig intestine was related to an excess of copper (Cu) in their feed. Methods: In this study, we observed and collected porcine intestines in small- and large-scale pig slaughterhouses in Shandong province from May to October 2018. Twelve types of metal ions were detected in the black intestinal samples. Results: The Cu level in the intestine samples was mostly higher than the Chinese national limit for food. Further study showed that Cu supplementation in most commercial porcine feed also exceeded the national standard. An animal model (mouse) that could mimic the intestinal blackening in pigs was established. Compared to control mice, Cu accumulated in the liver and intestines of mice fed an excessive Cu level, confirming the excessive Cu in the feed may be considered the major cause of blackened porcine intestines. Microscopic examination revealed that black intestines had many particles containing Cu in the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa, and the intestinal mucosal epithelial cells showed degeneration and necrosis. Conclusions: In conclusion, overuse of Cu in animal feed can lead to animal poisoning and Cu accumulation in animal products. Such overuse not only harms the health of livestock but can also affect public health.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.1131-1136
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• 2003

Forty-eight individually fed Angus steers (body weight $220kg{\pm}9.1$) were utilized to investigate the effects of copper (Cu) source and concentration on lipid metabolism and carcass quality. Steers were stratified by body weight and initial liver Cu concentration and randomly assigned to one of five groups. Groups were then randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments consisted of: 1) control (no supplemental Cu); 2) 10 mg Cu/kg DM from $CuSO_4$; 3) 10 mg Cu/kg DM from a Cu amino acid complex (Availa Cu) 4) 20 mg Cu/kg DM from $CuSO_4$; and 5) 20 mg Cu/kg DM from Availa Cu. Steers were fed a corn-alfalfa-based growing diet for 56 d. Steers were then switched to a high concentrate finishing diet for 145 d. On day 74 of the finishing phase subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from three steers/treatment to determine basal and stimulated lipolytic rates in vitro. Steers were then slaughtered after receiving the finishing diet for 145 d. Control steers tended (p<0.12) to have lower ceruloplasmin (Cp) activity than Cu supplemented steers. Steers receiving 20 mg Cu/kg DM from Availa Cu had higher (p<0.03) Cp activity than steers receiving 20 mg Cu/kg DM from $CuSO_4$. Plasma non-esterified fatty acids were similar across treatments. Steers receiving 10 mg Cu/kg DM from Availa Cu had higher (p<0.02) total plasma cholesterol concentrations relative to steers receiving 10 mg Cu/kg DM from $CuSO_4$. Steers receiving 20 mg Cu/kg DM from Availa Cu had lower (p<0.03) plasma triglyceride concentrations than steers supplemented with 20 mg Cu/kg DM from $CuSO_4$. Fatty acid profile of longissimus muscle was similar across treatments. Backfat depth tended (p<0.18) to be lower in Cu supplemented steers relative to controls. Steers supplemented with 20 mg Cu/kg DM from Availa Cu had heavier (p<0.03) hot carcass weights and a greater (p<0.02) dressing percentage than steers supplemented with 20 mg Cu/kg DM from $CuSO_4$. Furthermore, in vitro basal (p<0.06) and epinephrine stimulated (p<0.04) lipolytic rates of subcutaneous adipose tissue were higher in Cu supplemented steers relative to controls. The results of this study suggest that Cu supplementation has minimal effects on blood and lean tissue lipid profile. However, it appears that Cu may play a role in lipid metabolism in subcutaneous adipose tissue.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2000

In order to explore the potential of ascorbic acid supplementation for the prevention and treatment of herpes simplex viral diseases, plaque reduction assays were performed. Ascorbic acid as well as copper chloride/ferric chloride were added to wells containing Vero cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and the infectivity of HSV-1 was determined. Since copper and iron are major transition metals in human plasma, near the normal human plasma concentrations of them were used for experiments. When Cu(II) and Fe(III) were applied, there were no significant differences between virus control and Cu(II)/Fe(III)-treated groups. But, when appropriate concentrations of ascorbic acid were added to wells, meaningful differences between control and ascorbate-treated groups were found. In the presence of Cu(II)/Fe(III) at $5.8/3.7\;{\mu}M$, 72-h treatment with ascorbate at $50\;{\mu}M$ reduced HSV-1 infections to $10.77%{\pm}4.25%$ (P < 0.001) and $500\;{\mu}M$ did to $3.06%{\pm}1.62%$ (P < 0.001). Moreover, the cytotoxicities for Vero cells at those concentrations were insignificant (P > 0.05). Current recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of ascorbic acid is 60 mg/day, and the oral intake of 60 mg/day of ascorbic acid yields plasma ascorbic acid at 45 to $58\;{\mu}M$ in a healthy adult man. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that the maintenance of appropriate level (more than $50\;{\mu}M$) of ascorbic acid in human plasma by appropriate amount (more than the RDA) of ascorbic acid supplementation may be helpful for the prevention and treatment of diseases caused by HSV -1 in an adult man. In addition, this study also suggests that ascorbic acid may be useful for the prophylaxis of fatal HSV-1 infections in neonates and the prevention of HSV-1 reactivation in immunocompromised hosts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.250-257
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of phytase supplementation to the diets containing different levels of non-phytate phosphorus (NPP). A $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments was employed. There were three dietary NPP levels of control (C) (0.45% for starter diet and 0.35% for grower diet), C-0.1% NPP (0.35% for starter diet and 0.25% for grower diet), and C-0.2% NPP (0.25% for starter diet and 0.15% for grower diet) and two phytase levels (0 and 500 U/kg). Reduced dietary NPP decreased feed intake and weight gain and increased mortality whereas dietary phytase increased feed intake and weight gain and decreased mortality. Supplemental phytase improved availabilities of dry matter, crude fat, ash, P, Zn, Mg, and Cu whereas dietary NPP level did not affect availabilities of nutrients except decreased Zn availability and increased Cu availability in reduced NPP diets. Nutrient retention of N, ash, Ca, P, Mg, and Zn were linearly decreased as dietary NPP levels reduced but dietary phytase increased their retention. Reduced dietary NPP increased ash excretion but decreased P and Cu excretion while dietary phytase decreased N excretion. Weight, length, girth and contents of ash, Ca, P and Mg of tibia linearly decreased as dietary NPP levels reduced. Dietary phytase increased length and ash content of tibia. It is concluded that dietary phytase can reduce P excretion and alleviate adverse affects caused by feeding low dietary NPP. Effects of phytase were greater in the lower NPP diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1501-1505
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• 2008

A broiler experiment was conducted to compare the effects of duration and level of iron-methionine chelate (Fe-Met) supplementation on the iron, copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) content of broiler meat. Two hundred and fifty hatched Ross broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments. Each treatment had 5 replicates of 10 birds (5 males and 5 females) each. Birds were housed in raised floor batteries and fed traditional broiler diets ad libitum for 5 weeks. Dietary treatments were as follows: Control and two levels of Fe-Met (100 or 200 ppm in Fe) supplemented for either the whole period (0-5 wk) or grower period (4-5 wk). Production performance was not significantly affected by treatments. Iron content in the muscles (breast, leg and wing) and organs (liver and spleen) were significantly (p<0.05) increased as the level and duration of Fe-Met supplementation increased. The highest concentration of iron was shown in Fe-Met 200 fed for the whole period. Liver contained the highest amount of iron followed by spleen, leg muscle, wing muscle and breast muscle. Supplementation of Fe-Met 200 for the grower period resulted in higher iron concentration in liver and spleen than supplementation of Fe-Met 100 for the whole period. However, the same treatment resulted in lower iron concentration in muscles (breast, leg and wing) than the treatment of Fe-Met 100 for the whole period. In order to achieve the highest iron enrichment in the muscles, Fe-Met should be supplemented at 200 ppm in Fe for the whole period (5 wks). Fe-Met supplementation increased copper concentration in all muscles and organs except wing muscle. Zinc concentration decreased in breast and wing muscle but tended to increase in leg muscle, liver and spleen by Fe-Met 200 supplementation. Color of muscle was not significantly affected by Fe-Met treatments. However, redness of leg and breast muscle, and yellowness of leg and breast muscle tended to increase by supplementation of Fe-Met for the whole period. It was concluded that iron content of broiler meat can be effectively enriched by supplementation of 200 ppm of Fe as Fe-Met for 5 wks.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.284-289
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• 2006

Effects of mulberry fruit extract (MFE) on the levels of serum mineral and serum oxidative stress markers on 31 middle-aged humans (16 males and 15 females) supplemented with MFE for 4 weeks were investigated. Contents of mineral per 100 g MFE were 80.66 (Ca), 12.26 (Mg), 6.26 (Fe), 0.05 (Cu), and 4.04 mg (Zn). Relative scavenging activities of MFE and its cyanidin-3-glucoside on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were 34 and 85%, respectively, using ascorbic acid as standard. Anthropometry measurements, serum mineral (Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Zn)levels, and serum oxidative stress markers were analyzed before and after supplementation of MFE. After supplementation of MFE, no significant differences were observed in anthropometry measurements and levels of serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in males and females, and ferric-reducing ability plasma (FRAP) in males, whereas serum mineral levels (Fe in males, and Fe, Cu, and Zn in females) and serum FRAP levels (both males and females) increased significantly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.658-663
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of iron supplementation on utilizations of various minerals, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Cu, Zn. Intakes, serum levels, and excretions of these minerals were analyzed and compared in rats fed diet with 100, 200, 400% of iron requirement (Fe, 2Fe, 4Fe groups) for 6 weeks. The feed intake, body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio were not significantly different among the groups. Serum Fe of 2Fe group was significantly lower than other two groups, and serum Zn of 4Fe group was highest. Mineral intakes were not significantly different among three groups. With iron supplementation, urinary excretions of Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn were elevated, but fecal excretions of minerals were not significantly different. And the daily retentions of Na and Fe were significantly elevated, but apparent absorbabilities of minerals were not significantly different. In summary, according to iron supplementation, mineral absorbabilities were not different but urinary excretions of some minerals were increased. Therefore, it could be suggested that adequate iron intake and well-balanced diet are more desirable than nutrient supplementation for mineral balance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1597-1602
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• 2006

The effects of different mineral supplementations on the milk yield of free-ranging Somali camels were investigated in two phases in a semi-arid region of northern Kenya during the dry and wet seasons in 2002 and 2003. In phase 1, twelve (12) lactating camels were selected at random to form four (4) groups each consisting of three camels. The first group served as the control and as a result received no mineral supplementation. In addition to the control diet the other groups received oral doses of minerals as follows over a 60-day period: T1 (P), T2 (High Cu low Co) and T3 (Low Cu high Co). The daily milk yield and blood mineral profiles were measured during the wet and dry seasons. The mean daily milk yield increased from 3.4 L/d to $4.3{\pm}0.3L/d$ and 5.2 L/d in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Fifteen (15) lactating camels were selected at random to form five groups each consisting of three replicates. The control group did not receive any mineral supplement. The other four groups in addition to the control diet, received the following treatments: T4 (Common Salt), T5 (High Co), T6 (High Co+P) and T7 (Low Co+P). Mineral supplement T6 produced significantly higher milk yield ($5.4{\pm}0.5$ and $6.5{\pm}0.7L/d$) during the dry and wet seasons. Both T6 and T7 had significantly higher milk yield than T4 and T5. During both phases, the blood Ca and P level significantly increased in camels receiving T1, 6 and 7. Animals that received only the trace mineral supplements had lower blood P compared to the ones receiving supplementary P and also the control. Supplementation of lactating camels with Co and P significantly (p<0.05) increased milk yield). Effect of common salt, commonly given by farmers, on milk yield was insignificant. It was concluded that mineral supplementation to lactating camels was beneficial, and that mineral supplements should include P and Co. Further research is required to establish P and Co requirements of lactating camels.