• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.111-115
• /
• 1998

We investigated the stability of all-trans-retinol on the liquid crystalline O/W emulsion composed of mainly alkyl polyglycerine, alkyl polyglucose and glycerine, and compared the activity of all-trans-retinol in the various forms of liquid crystal. Under certain conditions, novel liquid crystalline gel was formed around oil droplets, and layers of this liquid crystalline gel were very wide and rigid. (SWLC; Super Wide Liquid Crystal) SWLC was very helpful to stabilize retinol in O/W emulsion. After storage at 45 C for 4 weeks, all-trans-retinol in O/W emulsion composed of SWLC retained above 85% of the activity upon HPLC analysis, whereas those within no liquid crystalline emulsion gave 47% and normal liquid crystalline emulsion composed of fatty alcohols gave 40 60%. Retinol in oil phase is nealy insoluble in pure water, but in cosmetic emulsion systems can be slightly solubilized into water because emulsifiers and polyols in emulsion systems function as solubilizers. In this case, water in outer phase acts as a media for oxygen transporation$.$and thus destabilizes retinol. As a result, retinol in O/W emulsion has a tendency to become unstable. SWLC surrounding oil droplet which contains retinol is wide and rigid, therefore reduces contact between inner phase and outer phase To make SWLC, properties of emulsifiers are very important phase transition temperature should be high, and the structure of surfactants should be bulky, and their ratio should be suitable to make rigid and wide liquid crystalline gel layer in order to reduce contact between retinol in inner phase and water in outer phase.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.441-445
• /
• 2000

A new series of three ring type liquid crystalline compounds containing partially fluorinated alkenyl or alkyl side chains together with fluorine substituted cyclohexylbiphenyls were designed and synthesized in this study. The structures of synthe sized compounds were established by 1 H, 13 C and 19 F NMR spectroscopy. The phase transition temperatures of fluorinated liquid crystalline compounds were determined by cross-polarizing mi-croscopy equipped withhot stage. All compounds were found to have nematic liquid crystalline phase with rel-atively low phase transition temperature and wide liquid crystalline temperature range. The dependence of phase transition temperatures on the chainlength falls into three categories; (a) decreasing transition tempera-tures for 4-fluoro-4'-[4-fluoro-4-(1-fluoroalkyl)cyclohexyl]biphenyl (15) series, (b) higher transition tempera-tures for odd numbered chains for 4-fluoro-4'-[4-fluoro-4-(1-fluoroalk-1-enyl)cyclohexyl]biphenyl (14) series, (c) higher transition temperatures for even numbered chains for 4-[4-(1,2-difluoroalk-1-enyl)-4-fluorocyclo-hexyl]-4'-fluorobiphenyl (16) series.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.243-247
• /
• 2007

Retinoids have many important and diverse functions and particularly, have been widely used as anti-aging agent and for the treatment of acne and psoriasis in cosmetics. However, retinoids have low stability against the air, light, water, oxygen and heat, thus, to stabilize the retinoids in formulations is very critical procedure. In this study, cubic liquid crystalline phase of monoolein was applied to stabilize the retinylpalmitate (RP) and to enhance the transdermal permeation. Cubic liquid crystalline phase significantly enhanced the stability of RP. After 15 days, the content of RP in the cubic formulation was 94.7% while the content of RP in ethanol solution was below 0.5% at room temperature. Although BHT containing crystalline phase showed the slightly increased stability of RP, there were no significant differences in RP stability between with or without antioxidants (ascorbic acid, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, BHT, BHA) at $40^{\circ}C$. The skin retention of RP in crystalline formulations was approximately $5.3{\sim}6.4$ times greater than that of o/w cream formulation. Incorporation of RP into cubic liquid crystalline phase of monoolein effectively stabilized the RP and worked as excellent topical vehicle for RP. Liquid crystalline phase is considered to be suitable formulation for RP for topical delivery system as a stabilizer and permeation enhancing agent.

• Fibers and Polymers
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.18-24
• /
• 2000

The phase transformation of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) in crystalline state was simulated by atomistic modeling using molecular mechanics technique. The crystalline structure of PTT was successfully prepared using the well-defined unit cell structure of PTT and was satisfactorily verified by comparing that with the structure obtained from the x-ray diffraction experiments. The basic elastic properties were predicted in this study, showing that the crystalline structure of PTT is very pliable to the deformation at small strain. When the crystalline structure of PTT was stepwise deformed up to 50% of strain in chain direction under uniaxial extension condition, the change in dihedral angle of trimethylene unit from gg to tt conformation was accompanied with a large increase of stress, indicating that the phase transformation of PTT in crystalline state is difficult to occur.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.26 no.10
• /
• pp.880-885
• /
• 2003

Research in this paper focuses on the kinetic evaluation of swelling of the liquid crystalline phases of glyceryl monooleate (GMO). Swelling of the lamellar and cubic liquid crystalline phases of GMO was studied using two in vitro methods, a total immersion method and a Franz cell method. The swelling of the lamellar phase and GMO having 0 %w/w initial water content was temperature dependent. The swelling ratio was greater at $20^{\circ}^C than 37^{\circ}^C$ . The water uptake increased dramatically with decreasing initial water content of the liquid crystalline phases. The swelling rates obtained using the Franz cell method with a moist nylon membrane to mimic buccal drug delivery situation were slower than the total immersion method. The swelling was studied by employing first-order and second-order swelling kinetics. The swelling of the liquid crystalline phases of GMO could be described by second-order swelling kinetics. The initial stage of the swelling (t < 4 h) followed the square root of time relationship, indicating that this model is also suitable for describing the water uptake by the liquid crystalline matrices. These results obtained from the current study demonstrate that the swelling strongly depends on temperature, the initial water content of the liquid crystalline phases and the methodology employed for measuring the swelling of GMO.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.1165-1171
• /
• 2010

The lyotropic mesomorphism of lamellar liquid crystalline phase was examined by observing the swelling behavior of Distearoylphosphatidylcholine(DSPC) in glycerin and panthenol without water. The lyotropic mesomorphism was examined by using DSC, XRDs and Cryo-SEM. Increase of two polar solvents under non-hydrous condition showed distinctive differences in the lyotropic mesomorphism from forming different anisotropic structures with DSPC. Glycerin did not affect to the crystalline region of lamellar phase, whereas typical swelling mesomorphism was shown in the noncrystalline region. In contrast, panthenol showed some effect on the crystalline region, but common swelling mesomorphism was found in the non-crystalline region. In this case, the isopropyl and propyl groups in panthenol were the main factor to affect to the lipophilic domain in the crystalline region of lamellar phase. Also, it was found that the formation of well-arranged lamellar structure only by introducing glycerin and panthenol as a solvent without water, was possible. These results were confirmed by examination of the swelling mesomorphism of liquid crystal membrane triggered by introducing the two polar solvents.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
• /
• 2000.11b
• /
• pp.180-185
• /
• 2000

Nano crystalline or non-crystalline particles have been widely used in various industrial area, such as ceramics, catalysis, electronics, metallurgy and optic device. In all applications, synthesizing the particles as small as possible and controlling the crystalline phase according to its purpose are necessary for the enhancement of processing performance. In some cases, non-agglomerated particles may be necessary for solving the packing problems. This motivates our attempt of controlling size, morphology, phase of nano titania and silica particles. If one can enhance sintering rate of small aggregates independently of collision rate, one may expect that original aggregates can be changed into volume equivalent spheres and thereby the decrease of collision frequency due to the change leads to much smaller rate of growth of the particles. This is the basic idea of our control strategy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 2002.05a
• /
• pp.218-223
• /
• 2002

Low temperature synthesis of $LaNiO_3$ crystalline phase composited from mixtures of $La_2O_3$ and NiO via the ball mill and mechanochemical process were investigated. By the ball mill, 20% of $LaNiO_3$ crystalline phase was formed in the samples sintered at $900^{\circ}C$ due to the lack of reactivity of NiO. However, the mechanochemical process yielded about 93% of $LaNiO_3$ crystalline phase in room temperature.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
• /
• v.50 no.12
• /
• pp.593-598
• /
• 2001

Transient liquid phase processing was investigated to decrease processing temperatures while maintaining useful piezoelectric properties in the lead zirconate titanate (PZT) system. Niobium oxide$(Nb_2O_5)$ modified crystalline PZT (PZTN) powder was combined with lead silicate $(PS; PbO-SiO_2)$ glass powder and crystalline titania, zirconia, and niobia. Firing above the melting temperature of the lead silicate $(PS; Tm \risingdotseq\; 714^{\circk}C)$ resulted in liquid phase densification of the PZTN followed by dissolution of the titania, zirconia, and niobia into the liquid phase, and crystallization of additional PZTN. The addition of crystalline titania, zirconia, and niobia to react with the lead oxide from the lead silicate phase resulted in an increase in the dielectric and Piezoelectric properties.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.21-28
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study was to process bio-active glass ceramic composite, reinforced with sapphire fibers, by hot press. Also to study the interface of the matrix and the sapphire fiber, and the mechanical properties. Glass raw materials melted in Pt crucible at 1300$^{\circ}C$ during 3.5 hours. The melt was crushed in ball mill and then crushed material, ground and sieved to $<40{\beta}{\mu}m$. Sapphire fibers cut (30mm) and aligned. Powder and fibers hot pressed. The micrographs show good bonding between the matrix and the fiber and no porosity in the glass matrix. This means ideal fracture phenomena. Glass is fractured before the fiber. This is indication of good fracture strength. EDXS showing aluminum rich phase and crystalline phase. Bright field image of the matrix showing crystalline phase. Also diffraction pattern of TEM showing the crystalline phase and more than one phase. Strength of the samples was determined by 3 point bend testing. Strength of the 10vol% sample was approximately 69MPa, while strength of the control sample is 35MPa. Conclusions through this study as follow: 1. Micrographs show no porosity in the glass matrix and the interface. 2. The interface between the fiber and the glass matrix show no gaps. 3. Fracture of the glass indicates characteristic fiber-matrix separation. 4. Presence of crystalline phase at high processing temperature. 5. Sapphire is compatible with bioactive glass.