• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.525-540
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• 2016

The CFRP-confined circular concrete-filled steel tubular column is composed of concrete, steel, and CFRP. Its failure mechanics are complex. The most important difficulties are lack of an available method to establish a relationship between a specific damage mechanism and its acoustic emission (AE) characteristic parameter. In this study, AE technique was used to monitor the evolution of damage in CFRP-confined circular concrete-filled steel tubular columns. A fuzzy c-means method was developed to determine the relationship between the AE signal and failure mechanisms. Cluster analysis results indicate that the main AE sources include five types: matrix cracking, debonding, fiber fracture, steel buckling, and concrete crushing. This technology can not only totally separate five types of damage sources, but also make it easier to judge the damage evolution process. Furthermore, typical damage waveforms were analyzed through wavelet analysis based on the cluster results, and the damage modes were determined according to the frequency distribution of AE signals.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.130-137
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• 2016

At a brewery, the base plate-to-shell weld seam of a $90-m^3$ vertical cylindrical steel tank failed catastrophically. The 4 ton tank "took off" like a rocket leaving its contents behind, and landed on a van, crushing it. The top of the tank reached a height of 30 m. The internal overpressure responsible for the failure was an estimated 60 kPa. A rupture disc rated at < 50 kPa provided overpressure protection and thus prevented the tank from being covered by the European Pressure Equipment Directive. This safeguard failed and it was later discovered that the rupture disc had been installed upside down. The organizational root cause of this incident may be a fundamental lack of appreciation of the hazards of large volumes of low-pressure compressed air or gas. A contributing factor may be that the standard piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) symbol for a rupture disc may confuse and lead to incorrect installation. Compressed air systems are ubiquitous. The medium is not toxic or flammable. Such systems however, when operated at "slight overpressure" can store a great deal of energy and thus constitute a hazard that ought to be addressed by safety managers.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.26-34
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• 2016

철골기둥-베이스 플레이트 접합부의 파괴유형은 베이스 플레이트 압축면과 인장면의 휨파괴, 앵커볼트의 인장파괴, 뽑힘, 전단파괴, 그리고 콘크리트 기초파괴 및 철골기둥의 소성힌지발생에 따른 파괴이다. 본 연구에서는 핀접합 또는 강접합으로 가정하여 설계되는 노출형 철골기둥-베이스 플레이트 접합부가 받을 수 있는 모멘트의 크기를 구하기 위하여, 한계상태 함수를 이용하여 철골기둥-베이스 플레이트 접합부의 휨성능 및 파괴유형을 예측하고 실험결과와 비교하였다. 한계상태함수를 이용하여 노출형 철골기둥-베이스 플레이트 접합부의 휨성능을 비교적 정확히 예측할 수 있는 범위는 축력이 있는 경우, 앵커볼트의 항복 또는 철골기둥의 항복으로 판별되었을 때이며 축력이 없는 경우, 베이스 플레이트의 항복으로 판별된 경우이다. 파괴유형까지 같이 고려할 경우, 축력이 있으며 앵커볼트의 항복으로 판별된 경우에만 한계 상태함수의 사용이 가능하다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.49-60
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• 2019

Crack instability propagation during coal and rock mass failure is the main reason for electromagnetic radiation (EMR) generation. However, original cracks on coal and rock mass are hard to study, making it complex to reveal EMR laws and mechanisms. In this paper, we prefabricated cracks of different inclinations in coal and rock samples as the analogues of the native cracks, carried out uniaxial compression experiments using these coal and rock samples, explored, the effects of the prefabricated cracks on EMR laws, and verified these laws by measuring the surface potential signals. The results show that prefabricated cracks are the main factor leading to the failure of coal and rock samples. When the inclination between the prefabricated crack and axial stress is smaller, the wing cracks occur first from the two tips of the prefabricated crack and expand to shear cracks or coplanar secondary cracks whose advance directions are coplanar or nearly coplanar with the prefabricated crack's direction. The sample failure is mainly due to the composited tensile and shear destructions of the wing cracks. When the inclination becomes bigger, the wing cracks appear at the early stage, extend to the direction of the maximum principal stress, and eventually run through both ends of the sample, resulting in the sample's tensile failure. The effect of prefabricated cracks of different inclinations on electromagnetic (EM) signals is different. For samples with prefabricated cracks of smaller inclination, EMR is mainly generated due to the variable motion of free charges generated due to crushing, friction, and slippage between the crack walls. For samples with larger inclination, EMR is generated due to friction and slippage in between the crack walls as well as the charge separation caused by tensile extension at the cracks' tips before sample failure. These conclusions are further verified by the surface potential distribution during the loading process.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.429-436
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• 2011

The selected physical and mechanical properties of non-certificated LVL circulated in domestic lumber market were investigated and compared to relevant standards. The tested LVL passed the moisture content and the soaking delamination rate limit as per domestic (KS) and Japanese standard (JAS). The evaluated mechanical properties were flatwise/edgewise bending strength, modulus of elasticity (MOE), horizontal shear and compressive strength. The 30 mm-thick LVL showed significantly higher bending strength than that of the 25 mm-thick LVL. The modulus of elasticity (MOE) showed same tendency in the results of bending strength. The edgewise bending strength and MOE were higher than that of flatwise bending strength and MOE. The horizontal shear strength values were also showed similar results to bending strength values. The tested results were compared each other and each products were graded according to JAS 701 grade specification. The failure mode of LVL in bending test showed the similar failure mode of solidwood that failed in a simple tension manner (splintery tension). The glue line failure was severe in 25 mm-thick specimens due to concentration of shear stress in layer discontinuity containing small voids and starved glue lines. In horizontal shear strength test, failure mode of LVL showed the typical horizontal shear failure. Compressive specimens failed with fiber crushing in company with apparent delamination that splitted along the length of the specimens. From the results, the complete bonding between lamination and consistency in thin veneer layer were considered as a critical factor in the mechanical properties of LVL. Moreover, the standard test procedure and specification for non-certificated LVL should be required to check the performance of uncertificated materials.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.585-596
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• 2012

이 연구는 교량이나 주차장 건물 등에 적용이 가능한 GFRP 보강 철근 폴리머 콘크리트 T형 보의 휨 특성에 관한 연구로서 GFRP 보강 수준에 따른 압축파괴(compression failure: CF), 인장파괴(tension failure: TF) 및 GFRP 보강재의 파괴(fiber sheet failure: FF) 등 파괴모드의 판단과 결정방법을 제시하고, 파괴모드별 설계휨강도 산정식을 제시하였다. GFRP 보강 철근콘크리트 보에서는 FF, TF, CF 등 3가지 파괴모드 중에서 철근항복 ${\rightarrow}$ GFRP 파단 ${\rightarrow}$ 압축측 콘크리트 파괴의 순으로 진행되는 FF 파괴모드가 가장 이상적이다. FF 파괴모드의 경우 압축측 폴리머 콘크리트가 극한변형률(${\varepsilon}_{cu}$)에 도달하기 전에 GFRP가 먼저 파단되므로 콘크리트의 극한상태를 기반으로 하는 기존의 등가직사각형 응력블럭의 개념을 적용할 수 없다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 폴리머 콘크리트의 특성에 부합되는 이상화된 폴리머 콘크리트의 압축응력-변형률 곡선을 제안하고, 폴리머 콘크리트의 변형률을 기반으로 하여 응력블럭 매개변수 ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$를 도출하였다. 또한 T형 보의 형상비에 따른의 압축응력 분포 및 설계휨강도 특성을 규명하고 적정한 형상비를 2.5로 제시하였으며, GFRP 보강재의 두께 및 높이에 따른 설계휨강도 산정식을 제시하고 그 식의 적정성을 실험과 이론해석에 의해 입증하였다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.371-381
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• 2020

FRP로 보강된 콘크리트 부재의 파괴형태는 콘크리트 압괴와 섬유 파단으로 정의되며, 설계방법에 따라 한계상태를 조금씩 다르게 정의하고 있다. FRP 보강재는 섬유에 따라 성능이 상이하기 때문에 사용상태와 극한상태의 성능을 예측하는 것이 상대적으로 까다롭다. 특히 많이 사용되고 있는 ACI 440의 기준은 주로 저탄성계수를 갖는 GFRP를 중심으로 개발되었기 때문에 다른 섬유에 대한 적용성이 충분히 검증되지 않은 상태이다. 또한 ACI440의 휨한계상태는 보강비에 따라 압괴와 파단이 동시에 발생하는 천이영역이 상대적으로 크기 때문에 균형보강비에서의 거동예측이 상대적으로 어렵고, 사용성 예측 방법이 하중조건에 따라 민감하기 때문에 상대적으로 복잡한 단점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 0.8~1.2 𝜌_b의 보강비를 갖는 슬래브의 실험결과와 문헌고찰을 통하여 설계방법별 거동예측의 신뢰성과 편이성을 고찰하였다. 해석결과 Model Code의 모멘트 곡률식(LIM-MC) 간략식의 경우 FRP 보강구조물에도 충분히 적용할 수 있는 것으로 분석되었으며, EC2에 기반한 한계상태 설계법이 상대적로 극한강도설계법보다 신뢰성 있는 결과를 나타내었다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.208-219
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• 2000

In this study, static axial crush tests were performed with the new aluminum/GFRP hybrid tube. Glass/Epoxy prepregs were wrapped around an aluminum tube and co-cured. The failure of the hybrid tube was stable and progressive without trigger mechanism, and specific energy absorption was increased to the maximum of 33% in comparison with the aluminum tube. Effective energy absorption is possible for an inner aluminum tube because a wrapped composite tube constrains the deflection of an aluminum tube. The failure of a hybrid composite tube was stable without trigger mechanism because the inner aluminum tube could play the role of the crack initiator and controller. Mean crushing load could be calculated by modifying the plastic hinge collapse model for hybrid materials. The predicted results by this analytical model showed good agreement with the experimental results. It can be said that Aluminum/Glass-Epoxy hybrid tube is suitable for the vehicle front structure because this hybrid tube shows effective energy absorption, easy production, and simple application capability for RTM process.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제64권1호
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• pp.135-143
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• 2017

To upgrade shear performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams, and particularly of the segments under negative moment within continuous T-section beams, a series of original schemes has been proposed using carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) U-shaped strips for shear-strengthening. The current work focuses on one of them, in which CFRP U-strips are wound around steel bars against the top of the flange of a T-beam and then spliced on its bottom face in addition to being bonded onto its sides. The test results showed that the proposed scheme successfully provided reliable anchorage for U-strips and prevented premature onset of shear failure due to FRP debonding. The governing shear mode of failure changed from peeling of CFRP to its fracture or crushing of concrete. The strengthened specimens displayed an average increase of about 60% in shear capacity over the unstrengthened control one. The specimen with a relatively high ratio and uniform distribution of CFRP reinforcement had a maximum increase of nearly 75% in strength as well as significantly improved ductility. The formulas by various codes or guidelines exhibited different accuracy in estimating FRP contribution to shear resistance of the segments that are subjected to negative moment and strengthened with well-anchored FRP U-strips within continuous T-beams. Further investigation is necessary to find a suitable approach to predicting load-carrying capacity of continuous beams shear strengthened in this way.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.65-77
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• 2006

This study reports the details of the finite element analysis of eleven shear critical partially prestressed concrete T-beams having steel fibers over partial or full depth. Prestressed concrete T-beams having a shear span to depth ratio of 2.65 and 1.59 and failing in the shear have been analyzed using 'ANSYS'. The 'ANSYS' model accounts for the nonlinear phenomenon, such as, bond-slip of longitudinal reinforcements, post-cracking tensile stiffness of the concrete, stress transfer across the cracked blocks of the concrete and load sustenance through the bridging of steel fibers at crack interface. The concrete is modeled using 'SOLID65'-eight-node brick element, which is capable of simulating the cracking and crushing behavior of brittle materials. The reinforcements such as deformed bars, prestressing wires and steel fibers have been modeled discretely using 'LINK8' - 3D spar element. The slip between the reinforcement (rebar, fibers) and the concrete has been modeled using a 'COMBIN39'-non-linear spring element connecting the nodes of the 'LINK8' element representing the reinforcement and nodes of the 'SOLID65' elements representing the concrete. The 'ANSYS' model correctly predicted the diagonal tension failure and shear compression failure of prestressed concrete beams observed in the experiment. The capability of the model to capture the critical crack regions, loads and deflections for various types of shear failures in prestressed concrete beam has been illustrated.