• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.525-534
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• 2001

A total of 120 pigs were used to investigate the effects of yucca extracts on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nutrient excretion and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs fed different levels of dietary protein. Pigs were allotted into $2{\times}3$ factorial design by the supplementation of yucca extracts (YE, 0 and 120 mg/kg) and 3 levels of dietary protein (14, 16, 18% for early finisher and 12, 14, 16% for late finisher for low, medium and high protein diet, respectively). During the early finishing period (51~76 kg BW), no significant difference was found in growth performance regardless of the YE supplementation or dietary protein levels. Growth performance of late finishing pigs (76~101 kg BW) was also not significantly different among treatments. However, ADG of pigs fed YE diet was significantly improved (p<0.05) regardless of the dietary protein levels. For the overall period (51~101 kg BW), although adding YE to the diet and elevating the protein level showed better ADG, there were no significant differences on growth performance among treatments. Early finishers showed significantly higher crude protein, crude ash and crude fat digestibilities when they were fed diets supplemented with YE. Digestibilities of amino acids were not affected by YE. Late finishers did not show any significant differences in proximate nutrient digestibilities regardless of YE supplementation or dietary protein levels. YE tended to slightly improve the CP digestibility, however no significant difference was found with increased dietary protein levels. There was no significant difference in amino acid digestibilities with YE supplementation or dietary CP levels during the late finishing period. Dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) excretion in feces did not show any significant difference among treatments. Early finishing pigs also did not respond to the inclusion of YE or dietary protein levels (p<0.05). Fecal N excretion of early finishing pigs seemed to be lowered in pigs fed YE. Pigs fed medium dietary protein diet tended to excrete a higher amount of N during the early finishing period, but not statistically different. A slight increase in fecal N excretion was found with the increased level of dietary protein during the late finishing period. For ammonia nitrogen excretion, although there was no significance, the NH3-N content tended to be increased by the increased dietary protein levels and with YE supplementation. The NH3-N content in manure increased by 24.5% with YE supplementation. There were no significant differences in carcass weight, backfat thickness, carcass grade and loin eye area among treatments. However, pigs fed non-YE with low protein diet showed a significantly (p<0.05) low carcass ratio among treatments and there was significant (p<0.05) difference between the YE-added treatment and non YE treatment in carcass ratio. As for the feed cost, the cost of feeding high level protein was higher than that of medium level protein by 5% and low level protein by 9% (p<0.05). Therefore, based on this study, it could be concluded that environmentally friendly agents might play a role to some extent in finishing pigs from the aspect of pollution control, and that more than 14 and 12% of dietary protein for early finishing and late finishing pigs respectively do not necessarily guarantee high growth performance.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.344-348
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate effects of dietary lipid level on growth and body composition of juvenile red sea bream in low temperatures. Duplicate groups of fish (initial body weight of 79 g) were fed one of three isonitronic diets (47% crude protein) containing different lipid levels (10%, 17% and 22%) for 25 weeks during the winter season. Weight gain and survival of fish fed 17% lipid diet were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those fish fed the 10% or 22% lipid diet. Protein efficiency ratio, daily feed intake, condition factor, hepatosomatic index and viscerasomatic index were not affected by dietary lipid level, but feed efficiency of fish fed 10% lipid diet was significantly (P<0.05) lower than those fish fed the 17% or 22% lipid diet. Proximate composition of the whole body, liver, viscera and dorsal muscle were not significantly different among all groups except for crude protein content of dorsal muscle. The contents of 16:0, 18:0, 20:4n-3 and 20:5n-3 of the whole body were significantly (P<0.05) affected by dietary lipid level. The results of this study suggest that an increased dietary lipid level from 10% to 17% can improve growth of juvenile red sea bream in low temperature periods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.777-782
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• 2000

To investigate the effects of growth and body composition of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrix sp.) by the supplemented dimethyl-$\beta$-propiothetin(DMPT). fish was fed the diets each containing 3 mM, 5 mM, 7 mM and 10 mM for eight weeks. The weight gain, feed efficiency and feed intake were significantly increased with dietary DMPT level. Condition factor was reduced by dietary DMPT supplementation. Crude protein content of fish after eight weeks increased with dietary DMPT level, whereas crude lipid content deceased with dietary DMPT level. Amino acid content was higher in DMPT-added group than control group. Amino acid composition was not influenced by dietary DMPT supplementation. Fatty acid content deceased with dietary DMPT level.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2005

Effects of the commercially available or formulated extruded pellets (EP) and raw fish-based moist pellet (MP) on growth and body composition of flounder Paralichthys olivaceus L. were evaluated on commercial scale for 10 months. Survivals of flounder fed the MP, EP 1 and EP3 were not significantly different from those of fish fed the EP2 or EP5, but significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed the EP4. Weight gain of fish fed the MP was not significantly different from that of fish fed the EP3 and EP5, but significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed the EP1, EP2 or EP4. Improvement in weight gain of flounder fed the high lipid diets (EP1, EP2, EP3) compared to low lipid diet (EP4) in the $55\%$ protein level, and weight gain of fish fed the high lipid diet (MP) compared to low lipid diet (EP5) in the $61\%$ protein level indicated protein-sparing effect of lipid. FER for flounder fed the EP3. which was not significantly different from that for fish fed the EP1 or EP5 was significantly (P<0.05) higher thar. that for fish fed the EP2, EP4 and MP. FER significantly (P<0.05) changed over time. CF of flounder fed the MP was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed EP1 or EP4. Moisture content of dorsal muscle in flounder fed the EP2 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in fish fed the EP1 or EP4. Crude protein content of dorsal. muscle in flounder fed the EP1, EP4 and EP5 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in fish fed the EP2. How- ever, crude lipid content of dorsal muscle, and moisture, crude protein and crude lipid content of liver in flounder was not significantly different among the diets. In considering performance of flounder, it can be concluded that the use of EP3 and EP5 is more recommendable than the MP, which commonly used in flounder farm.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.957-967
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• 2016

The present study was conducted to investigate effect of dietary protected amino acid on milk yield and composition in dairy cow using meta-analysis. Total 21 research papers were employed in analysis, and mixed model was used for the analysis of effects. Effect of protected methionine (PM) and combination of protected methionine and lysine (PML) were investigated under two different levels of dietary crude protein (CP, <18% and >18%). For performance of dairy cow, milk yield, milk composition including milk fat and protein content and yield and 4% FCM (fat corrected milk) production were used for analysis. In case of milk yield, a trend of increment was found at PM supplementation at low CP (P=0.055). However, the effect of PM at high CP was detected as not significant (P>0.05). In case of milk protein, inclusion of PM at low CP showed significant decrement (P<0.05). However, there was no significant effect of MP on milk protein at high CP (P>0.05). Supplementation of MP at high CP level showed significant increment of milk fat (P<0.05). MP supplementation represented significant increment of 4% FCM production (P<0.05) regardless of dietary CP levels. Effects of PML on milk yield and composition at both of low and high dietary CP were not significant in this study. However, it seem to be that there was a possible positive effect of MPL application at high dietary CP on performance of dairy cow.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.87-100
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• 2015

It is well known that dietary protein affects the growth performance and carcass composition of poultry. Over the last several decades, numerous studies have been carried out to investigate to optimize the level of dietary protein since the protein is an important and expensive constituent in poultry feed. It is generally accepted that dietary protein should represent a balance of amino acids supporting the requirements for growth and maintenance of birds. A protein with balanced essential amino acids that matches a bird's requirement and sufficient non-essential amino acid nitrogen to enable the synthesis of all of the non-essential amino acids, is referred to as an 'ideal protein'. Feeding of excess protein or amino acids may result in an amount of nitrogen emission. Most common method to reduce nitrogen emission is using diet formulation which has lower dietary crude protein level and higher concentration of amino acid supplements. However, there are conflicting reports whether low protein diets supplemented with synthetic amino acids can obtain the growth performance equal to high protein diets. Excessive nitrogen excretion caused by amino acid imbalance also may influence the environment of poultry house due to ammonia production from uric acid. These environmental conditions may increase the incidence of skin problem or respiratory diseases of chickens. Various strategies based on comprehensive understanding should be tested to optimize nitrogen utilization and reduce nitrogen emission while maintaining the performance in poultry production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.986-990
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• 2000

The quality characteristics and proximate composition of the eggs of pheasant, chukar, quail, and guinea fowl were compared. Eggs of the 4 species had a similar ovalish conical shape with blunt and pointed ends, showing the shape indices of 77.30-79.63 with no statistical difference. Egg weight was heaviest in guinea fowl (46.65 g), followed by pheasant (25.79 g), chukar (19.16 g) and quail (10.34 g). Proportion of yolk to the total egg weight was highest in pheasant (35.7%), followed by chukar (33.9%), quail (31.4%) and guinea fowl (30.6%). Albumen content was highest in quail showing 61.2%, while pheasant, chukar and guinea fowl were in the range of 55.6~57.4%. The ratio of yolk to albumen (Y/A) was highest in pheasant (0.65), followed by chukar (0.60), guinea fowl (0.55) and quail (0.52). The portion of shell to the total egg weight was highest in guinea fowl (13.5%) and lowest in quail (7.3%). The shell thickness of the eggs was thickest in guinea fowl ($462.8{{\mu}m}$), followed by pheasant ($241.5{{\mu}m}$), chukar ($231.8{{\mu}m}$) and quail ($174.8{{\mu}m}$). The contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash of whole egg were in the ranges of 74.26-74.50%, 11.98-12.77%, 10.83-11.91% and 1.02-1.10%, respectively, with no statistical difference (p>0.05) among the species. Albumen was high in moisture (87.46-87.99%) and very low in crude fat (0.09-0.13%), which was quite different from yolk. Yolk showed relatively low level of moisture (49.71-50.42%) and high levels of fat (31.48-32.32%), crude protein (15.12-15.99%) and crude ash (1.53-1.86%). No species difference in the proximate compositions of albumen and yolk was found except in crude ash content of albumen.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.1643-1653
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• 2018

Objective: This study investigated the effect of dietary crude protein (CP) supplementation on nutrient intake, nitrogen (N) utilisation, blood metabolites, ruminal fermentation and growth performance of young Holstein bulls. Methods: Twenty-one young bulls weighing $277{\pm}11.2kg$ were equally divided into three groups and were offered diets formulated with low CP (LCP; 10.21% CP and 4.22% rumen degradable protein [RDP]), medium CP (MCP; 12.35% CP and 5.17% RDP) and high CP (HCP; 14.24% CP and 6.03% RDP). Yellow corn silage was used as a unique forage source and was mixed with concentrate. This mixed feed was given ad libitum to the young bulls included in the study. Results: Results showed that CP intake, blood urea nitrogen, N intake, total N excretion and N balance increased linearly with an increase in dietary CP level (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in nutrient digestibility among the bulls receiving the different diets. Ruminal pH (p<0.05) and ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) concentration (p<0.01) were significantly higher in the bulls receiving the MCP and HCP diets than in those receiving the LCP diet. The bulls receiving the HCP diet showed significantly higher ruminal bacterial protein level, propionate, acetate and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentrations than bulls receiving the LCP diet (p<0.05). Moreover, dietary CP level exerted a significant positive effect on the final body weight, average daily gain and gain-to-feed ratio of the bulls (p<0.05). Conclusion: High dietary CP level is optimal for achieving maximum growth and high profitability without exerting a negative effect on the physiology of growing Holstein bulls.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1979

This experiment was carried out to investigate the nutritive value of brewery's activated sludge on the performance and nutrients utilization of egg type chicken of babcock fed the different levels of sludge. The chemical composition, content of amino acids and mineral in brewery's activated sludge were also analyzed. 3,6,9 and 12% of brewery's activated sludge were supplemented with basal ration as a substituted ingredient to soybean oil meal in experimental ration. The results obtained were as follow: 1. Chemical composition analysis 1) Brewery's activated sludge had 42.50% of crude protein on the air dried basis, and had 15,69% of crude ash, and had 2,060 kcal of metabolizable energy per kg of sludge. 2) Total amino acid content of brewery's activated sludge was 42.50% and 99% crude protein of brewery's activated sludge was a true amino acid, and brewery's activated sludge contained especially more methionine and threonine that those of soybean oil meal. 3) In case of mineral content of brewery's activated sludge, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and iron were plentifully included. However, calcium content in brewery's activated sludge was very low. 2. Feeding trial 1) Body gain of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was decreased in proportion to increasing level of sludge was decreased in proportion to increasing level of sludge. However, no statistical differences were found out between treatments. 2) Diet intake of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was significantly (p<0.05) increased as the supplementation level of sludge in ration increased. 3) Feed conversion of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was high in proportion to increasing level of sludge in ration. However, there were no significant differences between treatments. 3. Digestion trial 1) Utilization of dry matter of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was decreased as the level of sludge in ration increased. However, no statistical differences were found out between treatments. 2) Utilization of crude protein of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was significantly (p<0.01) increased as the level of sludge was higher. Utilization of crude protein of control treatment and of sludge 3% treatment was higher than that of other treatments. 3) Utilization of crude ash of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in proportion to increasing level of sludge in ration. 4) Utilization of NFE of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was slightly decreased in proportion to increasing level of sludge in ration. However, no statistical differences were found out between treatments. Therefore according to this experiment, it may be concluded that brewery's activated sludge can be supplemented with chicken ration by $6{\sim}9%$.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the protein requirement level in adult Jindo dog (Korea Jindo Dog) through nitrogen balance experiments. 12 female dogs aged 36~38 weeks old (for early stage) or aged 45~49 weeks old (for late stage) were fed one of 3 diets containing 17, 19 and 21% of crude protein. Body weight of dogs were measured during the 12 days of feeding trial, and feces and urine were collected last 3 days of the trial period. In early stage of Jindo dog, average daily gain of dogs fed experimental diets containing 17, 19 and 21% of crude protein were -38.33, -16.25 and -12.71g/d, respectively. There was a significant differences between 17 and 21% of crude protein treatments (p<0.05) and calculated retained nitrogen were -0.29, -0.04 and -0.03g/kg$BW^{.75}$/d, respectively. In late stage of Jindo dog, average daily gain of dogs fed experimental diets containing 17, 19 and 21% of crude protein were -34.05, -28.71 and -28.28g/d, and calculated retained nitrogen were -0.33, -0.06 and 0.09g/kg$BW^{.75}$/d, respectively, and were significantly higher (p<0.05) in dogs fed 21% of crude protein diet than those of other dogs. In early stage and late stage of adult Jindo dog, a calculated linear regression equation for nitrogen intake (x) and nitrogen retention (y) were y = 0.7484x-1.18 ($R^2$ = 0.9923) and y = 0.88231x-1.0894 ($R^2$ = 0.9982) and the requirement of crude protein were estimated as 9.85g/kg$BW^{.75}$/d and 7.72g/kg$BW^{.75}$/d from above equation.