• Food Science and Industry
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.70-92
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• 2017

Crude palm oil (CPO) is obtained from the fruit of oil palm tree, and is rich in palmitic acid, ${\beta}$-carotene and vitamin E. CPO containing a balanced range of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is fractionated mainly into liquid palm olein and solid palm. Palm oil is highly stable during frying due to its fatty acid composition, and the synergistic antioxidant activity of ${\beta}$-carotene and tocotrienol. Blending and interesterification of palm oil and other oils are the main processes used to offer functional, nutritional, and technical advantages to produce oils suitable for margarine, shortening, vanaspati, and frying oils etc. The advantages of using palm oil products include cheap raw materials, good availability, and low cost of processing, since hydrogenation is not necessary. Future research should lead to the production of oils with a higher oleic acid content and a higher content of vitamins E, carotenoids, and tocotrienols.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.100-113
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• 2018

To obtain an edible grade oil from crude oil extracted from oil-bearing materials, it is generally necessary to carry out a refining process composed with degumming, deacidification, bleaching, and deodorization, to remove undesirable matters which affect the quality and shelf life of oils. The main purpose of degumming is to remove gum material mainly consisted with phospholipids. Phospholipases convert nonhydratable phospholipids into their hydratable forms which can be removed by centrifugation. In comparison with conventional water and acid degumming processes, enzymatic degumming can result the lower phosphatide content in oil than conventional processes. The enzymatic degumming can be conducted with the reduced amount of acid, and contributes to generate less amount of wastewater, decrease of operating cost, and increase oil recovery yield. The phospholipases used in enzymatic degumming process are phospholipase A1, A2, B, and C.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2003

Essential oils from Fennel fruit(Foeniculum vulgare Mill), Olibanum resin(Boswellia carteii Birew) and Needl Juniperus stem(Juniperus rigida Sieb.) were extracted by a supercritical fluid extraction system(SFE) and biological activity of each essential oils were observed. SFE technique was applied for the isolation and purification of nonpolar biologically active essential oils from each samples. The quantitative analysis of essential oils was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(GC/MS). About 60% of the growth of AGS and A549 cells were inhibited by adding 1.0g/l of the crude essential oils and below 40% was observed by the control. Cytotoxicity on human normal lung cell(HEL299) was scored as $15{\sim}18%$ for the crude essential oils and 12% for control, respectively. It meant that the essential oils were more effective than the control in anti-mutagenecity tested by CHO V79 cells. The effect of the essential oils on the growth of nerve cells, PC12 was observed as follows: The viable cell density was about two times higher than control.

• 한국도로학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.155-159
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• 2000

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.70-79
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• 2013

Since crude oil contains various pollutants including heavy metals, the environmental impact should be assessed for heavy metals as well as oil itself. In order to estimate the extent of heavy metal contamination, surface sediments were collected at the intertidal and coastal zone around the Herbei sprit oil spill area during December 2007 and January 2008. Organic carbon, sulfur and heavy metals were determined to assess heavy metal contamination in sediments. The crude oils contained C, S, V and Ni, but little toxic metals such as As, Cd, etc. From organic carbon content, the highest contaminated site was estimated that oils contributed to sediments up to 10%, and this site showed high V concentration. Potentially contaminated sediments by crude oil could be differentiated from unaffected sediments through V/Al and Ni/Al ratios, which can be used as indicators of oil contamination even after the oils were fully degraded.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2014

The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Camellia oleifera seed oil were studied. Four kinds of seed oil samples were prepared, crude oil and refined oil, extracted by cold pressing method (CPC, CPR), and organic solvent extraction (OSC, OSR). Antioxidant activity analysis was measured in 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)-diammonium salt, ferric reducing Ability of Plasma, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assays. Besides, the percentage of inhibition of red blood cells hemolysis induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidnopropane) dihydrochlorid, the lag time of LDL conjugated dienes formation in vitro, and the inhibitors of loss in tryptophan fluorescence were all used to estimate the antioxidant activity of the samples. The total phenolic contents (TPC) were detemined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. The TPC of the C. oleifera seed oils can be arranged in descending order: CPC ($1.9172{\mu}g/mL$) > OSC ($1.5218{\mu}g/mL$) > CPR ($1.0611{\mu}g/mL$) > OSR ($0.6782{\mu}g/mL$). And the oils were investigated for activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger. The results showed the antioxidant activity of crude oil by cold pressing method was stronger than others, and all oils did inhibit activity of the top three bacteria expert A. niger. The further significance of the study contributes to measure the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the potential health benefits by the different methods of preparation and the oil of C. oleifera seeds acting as free radical scavenger, pharmaceuticals and preservatives may offer some information in medicine and cosmetic not just in food field.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.65-81
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• 2017

In Korea, sesame oil has been used as a flavor source mainly by edible oil since ancient times, and it has been used by domestic screw pressing. In the 1960's, the demand for edible oils and fats increased significantly due to the improvement of national income and changes in food consumption patterns. In the early 1970's, a few edible oil manufacturing companies with modern solvent extraction and refining plants were established. In Korea, edible oil manufacturers account for more than 85% of employees with 50 or fewer employees. In Korea, there is a very shortage of raw materials for edible oils and fats, domestic production of edible oil is decreasing year by year and import volume is continuously increasing. While importing the edible oil bearing ingredients including soybean and extracted oil in the past, recently mainly imports crude oil and refines it in Korea. Soybean oil, palm oil and tallow account for 70~90% of total imported edible oils. Due to the recent well-being trend, the demand for olive, canola and grapeseed oils as household edible oil has increased and the production of blended oil has been greatly increased. Since the late 1980's, people have recognized edible oil and fat as a food instead of seasoning ingredient and have increased their edible oil and fat intake in Korea. Since the early 2000's, refined oil and fat products produced in Korea have been exported and is increasing every year.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.269-273
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• 2012

The principal objective of this study was to estimate the benzo(a)pyrene contents in commercial vegetable oils available in the Korean market and to assess the effects of various processing steps for vegetable oils on the contents of benzo(a)pyrene. Benzo(a)pyrene content in the studied commercial vegetable oils, crude oils, and raw materials were found to be lower than the maximum levels of 2 ppb. In both refined and pressed oil, the benzo(a)pyrene contents can be reduced through refining steps. However, an evident increase of benzo(a)pyrene contents during both the expeller process for corn oil and the roasting process for sesame oil was observed. This result indicates that the processing procedure, particularly heat treatment and refining steps would be critical in managing the benzo(a)pyrene contents in vegetable oils.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.151-158
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• 2014

Asphaltenes are generally defined by their solubility when a light alkane, such as n-heptane or n-pentane, is mixed with crude oils or oil sand bitumen. However, this definition is nowadays not enough to understand their behaviors during oil recovery, transport, storage, and even refinery operation. Interestingly, the researches regarding asphaltenes have been vastly presented within last decade. This is because the production of heavy oils is becoming larger and asphaltenes are known to play an important role in the property changes of heavy oils. In this paper, the researches regarding molecular weight, aggregation behavior of asphaltenes are introduced and discussed. It is expected that analytical studies will be appeared continuously in the form of global collaboration in order to describe asphaltene molecules as close as possible based on their origin.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 2023

The effect of homobrassinolide (HBL) on the nutrient value of Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) rhizome grown in Nizamabad, Telangana State, India was studied. Application of homobrassinolide (HBL) as foliar spray to turmeric plants on the 20^th, 40^th and 60^th day from sowing resulted in enhanced chemical composition of turmeric rhizome. Application of homobrassinolide (HBL) resulted in enhanced total sugars, principal ingredient curcumin, total poly phenol content, total flavonoid content, total tannin content, crude fat, crude fibre and essential oils (turmerone, zingiberene, cineole and p-cymene) present in the turmeric rhizome indicating the ability of homobrassinolide (HBL) as a potential plant growth regulator (PGR).