• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.114-120
• /
• 2006

Anti-diabetic effects of extracts and fractions of Sasa borealis (SB), white lotus roots (LR) and leaves (LL), and their mixture were determined in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Min6 cells by investigating insulin-sensitizing activity and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, respectively. SB, LR, LL, and mixture of SB, LR, and LL (3 : 2 : 3) were extracted using 70% ethanol, and m mixture extract was fractionated by XAD-4 column chromatography with serial mixture solvents of methanol and water. Fractional extractions were utilized for anti-diabetic effect assay. SB and LR extracts increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, but not as much as mixture of SB, LR, and LL. Significant insulin-sensitizing activities of 20 and 80% methanol fractions of SB, LR, and LL mixture extract were observed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, giving 0.5 or $5\;{\mu}g/mL$ each fraction with 0.2 nM insulin to attain glucose uptake level similar to that attained by 10 nM insulin alone. Similar to pioglitazone, peroxisome proliferators-activated $receptor-{\gamma}\;(PPAR-{\gamma})$ agonist, 20 and 80% methanol fractions increased adipocytes by stimulating differentiation from fibroblasts and triglyceride synthesis. LL extract and 20, 60, and 80% methanol fractions of the mixture suppressed ${\alpha}-amylase$ activity, but did not modulate insulin secretion capacity of Min6 cells in both low and high glucose media. These data suggest 20 and 80% methanol tractions contain potential insulin sensitizers with functions similar to that of $PPAR-{\gamma}$ agonist. Crude extract of SB, LR, and LL mixture possibly improves glucose utilization by enhancing insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and inhibiting carbohydrate digestion without affecting insulin secretion in vivo.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.49 no.1
• /
• pp.111-119
• /
• 2021

A bacterial strain isolated from a Malva verticillata leaf was identified as Bacillus velezensis MV2 based on the 16S rRNA sequencing results. Complete genome sequencing revealed that B. velezensis MV2 possessed a single 4,191,702-bp contig with 45.57% GC content. Generally, Bacillus spp. are known to produce diverse antimicrobial compounds including bacteriocins, polyketides, and non-ribosomal peptides. Antimicrobial compounds in the B. velezensis MV2 were extracted from culture supernatants using hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The crude extracts showed antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria; however, they were more effective against gram-positive bacteria. The extracts also showed antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi such as Fusarium fujikuroi and F. graminearum. In time-kill assays, these antimicrobial compounds showed bactericidal activity against Bacillus cereus, used as indicator strain. To predict the type of antimicrobial compounds produced by this strain, we used the antiSMASH algorithm. Forty-seven secondary metabolites were predicted to be synthesized in MV2, and among them, fourteen were identified with a similarity of 80% or more with those previously identified. Based on the antimicrobial properties, the antimicrobial compounds may be nonribosomal peptides or polyketides. These compounds possess the potential to be used as biopesticides in the food and agricultural industry as an alternative to antibiotics.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.161-170
• /
• 2005

This study was performed to examine immuno-regulatory activities of Ehpedrae Sinica STAPF, Rubus Coreanus Miq. and Angelica gigas Nakai extracts in conbination with ultrasonification. The extract yields of plants were the highest in the extraction system of $60^{\circ}C$ and 40 kHz of ultrasonification. The immune cell growth ratio of human immune B and T cells was increased compared to other fractions by the water fraction of the plants at $60^{\circ}C$ and 40 kHz. The water fractions of the plants at $60^{\circ}C$ and 40 kHz increased the specific secretion of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ of human immune B and T cells compared to other fractions of the plants. The water fraction of Ehpedrae Sinica STAPF among the plants was observed to show the highest specific secretion of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$. Also, NK-92 MI cells growth was increased in adding the water fractions of the plants at $60^{\circ}C$ and 40 kHz. The water fraction of Ehpedrae Sinica STAPF among the plants showed the highest in NK-92 MI cell growth ratio. The differentiation activity of the HL-60 cells significantly increased in adding the water fraction of Ehpedrae Sinica STAPF compared to other fractions of the plants. These results suggest that the water fractions of the plants in extraction system of temperature $60^{\circ}C$ and ultrasonification 40 kHz have marked useful immuno-stimulatory activities.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.49-73
• /
• 1991

To elucidate enzymatic properties of $\alpha$-galactosidases (EC3, 2, 1, 22) from germinated soybean and Aspergillus niger changes in the enzyme activities and oligosaccharide contents during germination of soybean were determined and $\alpha$-galactosidases from germinated soybean and wheat bran culture of Aspergillus niger were purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. Their chemical and enzymatic properties were investigated and the results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. $\alpha$-Galactosidase activity of soybean was maximized when it was germinated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 120 hours. And raffinose and stachyose in soybean were decomposed completely after 96 hours and 120 hours of germination, respectively. 2. The highest level of $\alpha$-Galactosidase activity was obtained when Aspergillus niger was grown on wheat bran medium at $30^{\circ}C$ for 96 hours. 3. Soybean $\alpha$-galactosidase was purified by 6.6 fold by ammonium slufate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Cellulose and Sephadex A-50., and gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. Its specific activity was 825 units/mg protein and the yield was 2.5% of the total activity of crude extracts. 4. Aspergillus niger $\alpha$-galactosidase was purified by 23.7 fold. Its specific activity was 1,229 units/mg protein and the yield was 14% of the total activity of wheat bran culture. 5. The purified $\alpha$-galactosidases of soybean and Aspergillus niger were found to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by HPLC. 6. Chemical properties of the purified $\alpha$-galactosidases were : 1) The soybean $\alpha$-galactosidase was monomeric and its molecular weight was estimated to be 30,000 by SDS-PAGE whereas the Aspergillus niger $\alpha$-galactosidase was a tetrameric glycoprotein which consisted of identical subunits with molecular weight of 28,000 each.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.130-139
• /
• 2016

A bacterial strain, producing an excellent lipolytic enzyme, was isolated from the intestinal tracts of an earthworm (Eisenia fetida). The strain was identified as Aeromonas hydrophila by phenotypic, chemotaxonomic characteristics and 16S ribosomal DNA analysis, and was designated as Aeromona hydrophila PL43. The lipolytic enzyme from A. hydrophila PL43 was purified via 35−45% ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-sepharose fast flow ion-exchange, and sephacryl S-300HR gel filtration chromatography. The yield of the purified enzyme was 3.7% and 2.5% of the total activity of crude extracts with p-nitrophenyl butyrate (pNPB) and p-nitrophenyl palmitate (pNPP) as substrates, respectively. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was approximately 74 kDa using gel filtration, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and zymography. The optimal activity of purified enzyme was observed at 50℃ and pH 8.0 using pNPB, and 60℃ and pH 8.0 using pNPP. The purified enzyme was stable in the ranges 20− 60℃ and pH 7.0−10.0. The activity of purified enzyme was inhibited by PMSF, pepstatin A, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Fe²⁺, but was recovered by metal chelating of EDTA. The K_m and V_max values of the purified enzyme were 1.07 mM and 7.27 mM/min using pNPB and 1.43 mM and 2.72 mM/min using pNPP, respectively.

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.238-246
• /
• 2010

In 2006 fall, a preliminary survey of viruses in two important medicinal plants, Cynanchum wilfordii and C. auriculatum, was conducted on the experimental fields at the Agricultural Research and Extension Services of Chungbuk province in Korea. On each experimental fields, percentage of virus infection was ranged from 20 to 80%, and especially an average of disease incidence propagated by roots was twice higher than that by seeds. The various symptoms were observed in Cynanchum spp. plants, such as mosaic, mottle, necrosis, yellowing, chlorotic spot and malformation etc. In electron microscopic examination of crude sap extracts, filamentous rod particles with 390-730 nm were observed in most samples. The virus particles were purified from the leaves of C. wilfordii with typical mosaic symptom, and the viral RNA was extracted from this sample containing 430-845 nm long filamentous rod. To identify the viruses, reverse transcription followed by PCR with random primers was carried out. The putative sequences of P3 and coat protein of potyvirus were obtained. From a BLAST of the two sequences, they showed 26-38% and 62-72% identities to potyviruses, respectively. In SDS-PAGE analysis, the subunit of coat protein was approximately 30.3 kDa, close to the coat protein of potyvirus. In bioassay with 21 species in 7 families, Chenopodium quinoa showed local lesion on inoculated leave and chlorotic spot on upper leave, but the others were not infected. RT-PCR detection using specific primer of C. wilfordii and C. auriculatum samples, all of 24 samples with virus symptom was positive, and five out of seven samples without virus symptom were also positive. On the basis of these data, the virus could be considered as a new member of potyvirus. We suggested that the name of the virus was Keunjorong mosaic virus (KjMV) after the common Korean name of C. wilfordii.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.39 no.12
• /
• pp.1745-1752
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial activity of 70% ethanol (EtOH) extract and the five fractions of the crude extract from Sasa borealis leaves against seven food poisoning bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococus luteus, Listeria monocytogens, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The yield of 70% EtOH extract was 11.4% and those of n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous fractions were 3.0%, 1.1%, 0.6%, 1.3%, and 5.1%, respectively. The 70% EtOH extract and the four fractions except aqueous fraction demonstrated antimicrobial activity against all the seven food poisoning bacteria at a concentration of 0.5%, although it was less compared to benzoic acid. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the 70% EtOH extract against all the food poisoning bacteria except S. aureus was $50{\mu}L$/disc. Moreover, chloroform fraction was $35{\mu}L$/disc against 3 food poisoning bacteria and $50{\mu}L$/disc against the other 4 food poisoning bacteria; ethyl acetate fraction was $50{\mu}L$/disc against all the food poisoning bacteria. In addition, n-butanol fraction was $50{\mu}L$/disc against all the food poisoning bacteria except S. aureus. Aqueous fraction, which did not show antimicrobial activity at 5%, was $200{\mu}L$/disc against only S. aureus and L. monocytogen. The 0.25%, and 0.5% of ethyl acetate fraction inhibited the growth of all the food poisoning bacteria 8 to 12 hours and 24 hours, respectively. These results indicate that the Sasa borealis leaves may be useful as a natural antimicrobial substance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.40 no.10
• /
• pp.1361-1370
• /
• 2011

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of eugenol and its derivatives from clove (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.) were evaluated using in vitro assay systems by measuring 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX). Among eight different crude medicinal drugs tested, volatile extracts of clove extracted by steam distillation extraction (SDE) showed potent DPPH radical scavenging activity ($IC_{50}$=8.85 ${\mu}g/mL$) as well as strong inhibitory activity against COX-2 (58.15%) and 15-LOX (86.15%) at 10 ${\mu}g/mL$ and 25 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Major volatile components of clove were identified as eugenol, trans-caryophyllene, and acetyleugenol by GC-MS analysis. Out of three eugenol derivatives, eugenol, methyl eugenol, and acetyl eugenol, eugenol showed the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity and COX-2 inhibitory activity, whereas methyl eugenol exhibited the strongest 15-LOX inhibitory activity. Finally, the contents of the three eugenol derivatives in clove were quantified by analytical HPLC. Contents of eugenol and acetyl eugenol in clove were 6.95% and 1.85% per dry weight, respectively. These results suggest that eugenol and its derivatives in steam distilled extract of clove may be useful as potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.521-528
• /
• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate changes in the proximate composition, antioxidant activities, and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) cladodes cultivated in Jeju (JJ1, JJ2, JJ3) and Jeonnam (JN1, JN2). The difference in the proximate composition (crude protein, lipid and ash content) of OFI between the two regions was not significant. Ca, Mg and Na were the major mineral components of OFI. The ascorbic acid content of OFI ranged from 57.87 to 143.72 mg/100 g. A 70% ethanol extract was used to investigate the antioxidant content and activity as well as the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of OFI were 38.69~55.29 and 3.33~4.03 mg/g, respectively. The antioxidant activities based on the DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays were 45.19~61.52% and 39.15~51.96%, respectively, at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. The inhibitory activity of OFI extracts against rat intestinal ${\alpha}$-glucosidase was 29.72~45.73% at 1 mg/mL concentration, and JN1 showed the highest ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity. This information could be very useful for authentication of Opuntia species with the highest potential as sources of nutritional and therapeutic elements.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.44 no.12
• /
• pp.1806-1812
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to compare moisture, crude protein, ether extracts, fatty acid composition, and melting point of beef with different origins. Eighty (80) samples of domestic Hanwoo beef with different marbling scores (BMS) of 3, 5, 7, and 9, respectively (20 samples for each BMS) and 30 samples of imported beef (15 samples each of American and Australian beef) were used. Relationship of fatty acid composition with melting point of lipids was also analyzed. Percentages of ether extract of Hanwoo beef with BMS of 3, 5, 7, and 9 as well as American and Australian beef were 11.91, 13.23, 17.03, 23.92, 8.36, and 4.47%, respectively, with the highest value in Hanwoo with BMS of 9 and lowest value in Australian beef. Percentages of oleic acid (C18:1n9), the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) in beef, were 44.92, 47.19, 46.23, 47.70, 43.70, and 38.28%. MUFA/saturated fatty acid (SFA) (M/S) ratios were 1.15, 1.25, 1.22, 1.27, 1.10, and 0.86, respectively. The melting point of lipids extracted from beef samples was the lowest ($27.42^{\circ}C$) in Hanwoo with BMS of 9, whereas it was highest ($41.15^{\circ}C$) in Australian beef. SFAs such as myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), and total SFA in beef samples showed positive (+) correlations (r=0.203, 0.279, 0.807, and 0.880, respectively) with melting points, whereas MUFAs, palmitoleic acid (C16:1), oleic acid (C18:1n9), and total MUFA, showed negative (-) correlations (r=-0.541, -0.857, and -0.906, respectively). In conclusion, as the lipid contents of beef increased, composition of oleic acid (C18:1n9) increased. Furthermore, as BMS increased in Hanwoo beef, M/S was increased.