• 대한약리학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.47-53
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• 1973

Chinae Rhizoma is dried crude roots and rhizomes obtained from Smilax china Linne which belongs to Smilax Genus of Liliaceae Familia, and it has been in wife use as a folk remedy for a long time. But very little systemic studies on its pharmacological actions have been made until now. Furthermore, the effective components except saponin of Chinae Rhizoma have been not known yet. It came to the attention of the authors that Chinae Rhizoma are used as antidiarrhetics in Chinese herb medicine, therefore they attempted to observe the effects of Chinae Rhizoma Alcoholic Extracts (Chinae Rhizoma Ethanol Extract=CREE, Chinae Rhizoma Methanol Extract=CRME) from Smilax china Linne on motility of the isolated rabbit duodenum in this experiment. The results of the study were as follow: 1. The movement of the isolated rabbit duodenum was slowed down and its tonus was relaxed in proportion to the concentration of Chinae Rhizoma Alcoholic Extracts (CREE & CRME). 2. With a concentration of CREE $10^{-4}g/ml$, the contractile effects of acetylcholine $10^{-6}g/ml$, pilocarpine $10^{-5}g/ml$ and physostigmine $10^{-5}g/ml$ were remarkably blocked in the movement of isolated rabbit duodenum. 3. The concentration of the isolated rabbit duodenum induced by barium chloride $10^{-4}g/ml$ was significantly inhibited by CREE $10^{-4}g/ml$. 4. With the administrations of histamine $10^{-5}g/ml$, serotonin $10^{-6}g/ml$ and prostaglandin $A_2\;10^{-6}g/ml$ respectively, contractions were observed in the rabbit duodenum. But, treatment of CREE $10^{-4}g/ml$ inhibited markedly the tonus and motility of the duodenum pretreated with the above drugs. 5. The effects of CREE and CRME were very much alike in this experiment. From the above results, it is concluded that the mechanism of action of Chinae Rhizoma on motility of isolated rabbit duodenum was partially due to cholinergic blocking effect.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.764-768
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• 1993

자동으로 온도, 습도 및 중량을 감지하고, 히터, 송풍기, 가습기 및 제습기의 작동여부를 제어할 수 있는 자동 건조 시스템을 개발하여, 인삼을 시료로하여 열풍건조시의 건조온도와 건조기 내의 상대습도에 따른 건조특성을 구명하고, 각 건조조건에서의 이화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 인삼의 건조속도는 건조온도가 높고 건조기내의 상대 습도가 낮을수록 빨랐으며, 건조된 인삼의 hardness는 건조온도가 높을수록 높고, 건조실내의 상대습도는 25%에서 높았다. 건조온도가 높을수록 Hunter L value가 감소하고 a와 b value가 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 갈변도가 높았다. 인삼의 건조과정중에 일어나는 수축은 건조온도가 높고 건조기내의 상대습도가 낮을수록 컸으며, 직경의 수축률이 길이의 수축률에 비해 컸다. 인삼의 조사포닌 함량은 건조온도와 상대습도에 영향을 받지 않았다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권17호
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• pp.7943-7957
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• 2015

Background and Aims: Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the growth-suppression potentiality of a crude saponin extract (CSENS) prepared from medicinal herb, Nigella sativa, on human colon cancer cells, HCT116. Materials and Methods: HCT116 cells were subjected to increasing doses of CSENS for 24, 48 and 72 h, and then harvested and assayed for cell viability by WST-1. Flow cytometry analyses, cell death detection ELISA, fluorescent stains (Hoechst 33342 and acridine orange/ethidium bromide), DNA laddering and comet assays were carried out to confirm the apoptogenic effects of CSENS. Luciferase reporter gene assays, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses were performed to assess the impact of CAERS and CFEZO on the expression levels of key regulatory proteins in HCT116 cells. Results: The results demonstrated that CSENS inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis. Apoptosis was confirmed by flow cytometry analyses, while CSENS-treated cells exhibited morphological hallmarks of apoptosis including cell shrinkage, irregularity in cellular shape, cellular detachment and chromatin condensation. Biochemical signs of apoptosis, such as DNA degradation, were observed by comet assay and gel electrophoresis. The pro-apoptotic effect of CSENS was caspase-3-independent and associated with increase of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. CSENS treatment down-regulated transcriptional and DNA-binding activities of NF-${\kappa}B$ and AP-1 proteins, associated with down-regulation of their target oncogenes, c-Myc, cyclin D1 and survivin. On the other hand, CSENS up-regulated transcriptional and DNA-binding activities of Nrf2 and expression of cytoprotective genes. In addition, CSENS modulated the expression levels of ERK1/2 MAPK, p53 and p21. Conclusions: These findings suggest that CSENS may be a valuable agent for treatment of colon cancer.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.291-297
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• 2012

Ginsenoside (ginseng saponin), the principal component of ginseng, is responsible for the pharmacological and biological activities of ginseng. We isolated lactic acid bacteria from Kimchi using esculin agar, to produce ${\beta}$-glucosidase. We focused on the bio-transformation of ginsenoside. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by comparing the 16S rRNA sequences. We identified the strain as Lactobacillus (strain 6105). In order to determine the optimal conditions for enzyme activity, the crude enzyme was incubated with 1 mM ginsenoside Rb1 to catalyse the reaction. A carbon substrate, such as cellobiose, lactose, and sucrose, resulted in the highest yields of ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity. Biotransformations of ginsenoside Rb1 were analyzed using TLC and HPLC. Our results confirmed that the microbial enzyme of strain 6105 significantly transformed ginsenoside as follows: Rb1${\rightarrow}$gypenoside XVII, Rd${\rightarrow}$F2 into compound K. Our results indicate that this is the best possible way to obtain specific ginsenosides using microbial enzymes from 6105 culture.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.118-125
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• 2010

This study was carried out to determine changes in general chemical composition, free sugars, physicochemical properties of extract, and ginsenoside contents depending upon processing methods. Ginseng roots harvested from the same field were employed for the processing into white ginseng (WG), taegeuk ginseng (TG), red ginseng A (RGA, steamed one time), and red ginseng B (RGB, steamed three times). The fat content decreased by increasing duration of treatment and number of steaming treatment. On the other hand, there was no significant variation in contents of ash and carbohydrate depending on processing methods. Contents of sucrose and maltose was higher in Taegeuk and red ginseng than those of white ginseng. Steamed ginseng root (taegeuk and red ginseng root) showed higher amount of water extractable solid than the unsteamed white ginseng, but the variation of crude saponin content was not distinctive depending on processing methods. The contents of total ginsenosides increased by the order of white, taegeuk, red A, and red B root. In summary, chemical composition and total ginsenoside content were different according to part of root and processing methods, thus implies the importance of quality control as well as pharmacological activity of ginseng root.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.345-353
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• 1997

The effects of crude saponin (SAP) and alkaloid (ALK) fractions of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer on the detrimental effects of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and scopolamine on passive avoidance response (PAR) were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats, referring their effects on the neuronal injury and plasticity of hippocampus in response to electrolytic lesion of left entorhinal cortex (ECL). The detrimental ECS effect on PAR was attenuated by pre- and post-treatments with SAP and ALK, respectively, or by pretreatment with aminoguanidine (AG), an inhibitor of diamine oxidase and NO synthase. And the detrimental scopolamine effect on PAR was also inhibited by pre-treatment with ALK or AG, and by post- treatment with SAP or ALK, respectively. On the 7th day after ECL, the brain sections stained by cresyl violet and by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry, respectively, showed the chromatolysis and numeral decrease of neurons and the reduction of AChE reactivity in the hippocampus CA1 area and to a lesser extent, in the dentate gyrus. The neuronal cell death of the CA1 area was significantly reduced by SAP, ALK, or AG, and the reduction of AChE reactivity was significantly attenuated by SAP or ALK and to a lesser extent by AG. These results suggests that the protective effect of ginseng SAP and ALK fractions on ECS- or scopolamine-induced impairment of PAR may be ascribed in part to preservation of hippocampal neurons, particularly cholinergic neurons.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.721-725
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• 2008

더덕을 생식 원료로 동결건조 및 열풍건조를 통하여 생식을 제조하여 제조된 생식의 이화학적 및 관능적 특성, 기능성 성분의 함량 조사를 통하여 합리한 제조방법을 찾고자 하였다. 수분, 단백질, 탄수화물, 지방, 회분 등 일반성분 함량은 동결건조 및 열풍건조를 실시한 시험구들 사이에 변화가 없는 것으로 나타났고 색도는 동결건조는 실시한 시험구가 열풍건조를 실시한 시험구에 비해 L값은 높게, b값은 낮게 나타났다. 식이섬유 함량은 열풍건조를 실시한 시험구가 동결건조를 실시한 시험구보다 높게 나타났고 총 페놀성 화합물과 조 사포닌 함량은 동결건조를 실시한 시험구가 높게 나타났다. 관능검사 결과 동결건조를 실시한 시험구가 색, 맛, 향, 전체적 기호도 등에서 모두 열풍건조를 실시한 시험구 보다 높게 나타났다. 위의 결과로부터 더덕을 원료로 생식을 제조 시 동결건조 방법을 사용하는 것이 적절하다고 생각된다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.184-189
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• 1995

인삼의 다이올계 조사포닌 분획으로 부터 및 단계의 화학반응을 이용하여 (20S)-ginsenoside $Rh_2$ 및 그 입체이성체인 (20R)-ginsenoside $Rh_2$를 제조하였다. 또한 DEPT, $^1H-^1H$ COSY, HMQC, HMBC 및 NOESY와 같은 NMR 기법을 이용하여 두 화합물의 $^1H-NMR$과 $^{13}C-NMR$의 signal들을 완전히 동정하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

본 논문은 백삼 추출물의 코팅 처리에 의한 인삼 커피의 품질 특성에 대한 것으로 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 백삼 추출물 (WGC-2)의 농도에 따라 커피의 품질 속성을 실험하였다. 대조군과 $5^{\circ}$ Brix (WGC-1)와 $20^{\circ}$ Brix의 사포닌 농도는 8.29%, 8.74%와 8.93% 였고, WGC-1과 WGC-2의 총 진세노사이드 농도는 0.3 mg/g과 0.6 mg/g 였다. 특히 주요 진세노사이드 $Rg_1,\;Rg_2,\;Rb_1,\;Rb_2,\;Rg_2,\;Rh_1$와 $Rg_3$ 함량은 백삼 추출물의 농도에 따라 증가하였다. 커피 맛은 WGC-2가 상업적 커피콩보다 유의하게 낮았고, 소비자 관능 평가에서는 별 차이가 없다는 내용이다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.77-81
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• 2009

Streptozotocin-유도 당뇨병 모델을 이용하여 흑삼의 혈당강하작용에 대한 효과를 연구하고 증포과정에 따른 ginsenoside의 조성 변화를 분석하였다. 증포별 ginsenoside의 정량분석 결과, 증포 횟수가 증가할수록 조사포닌의 총량과 대부분의 ginsenoside는 줄어든 반면 ginsenoside-$Rg_3$ 함량 및 PD/PT 비율은 증가하는 경향을 보였는데, 이러한 조성은 다른 인삼제품과는 차별성 있는 특징이다. 또한, streptozotocin-당뇨병 유발쥐를 이용한 모델실험에서 흑삼추출물의 투여는 고혈당 준위(300 mg/dL이상)를 정상 수준(102 mg/dL)으로 감소시켰으며, 혈당 수준의 감소는 glycolysis나 HMT shunt 및 지방산 합성에 관여하는 glucokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, acetyl CoA carboxylase 등의 효소의 활성증대에 기인하는 것으로 판단되었다. 이러한 결과는 흑삼추출물의 유의적인 혈당강하 효과를 입증하며 이에 따라 신약이나 식이보조제의 항당뇨물질로서의 이용가능성을 시사한다.