• 기술사
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.28-39
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• 1984

Experiments were carried out for the development of a processing method of soybean into full-fat or defatted flour, using two varieties of soybean (kwangkyo produced in Korea and Bragg produced in India) Samples were subjected to dry dehulling, size reduction and wet heat treatment processes to make soybean flours. The quality of soybean flours were evaluated, and the results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Crude fiber content of dehulled soybean was under 3.0% which indicated satisfactory dehulling, and there was no significant difference in crude fibre content between two varieties. 2. When dehulled soybean was cracked into soy grits by a hammer mill, 98.71∼98.86％ of the soy grit was in the range of 10∼18 mesh which was the optimum size of particle for quick and uniform penetration of heat into the intra-particle air spaces. 3. Moisture content of soy flour after steam treatment at 15 psig for 5 to 30 min was only 0.29∼1.68% which did not hinder the next milling operation. 4. From the color analysis of soy flours, it was observed that the dominant wavelength for all the samples are in a very narrow range from 575 to 581 nm and the color variation was from yellow to yellowish orange. Twenty to twenty five ％ higher reflectance was observed in the defatted flours than full fat flours. The ％ chroma of the defatted flour slightly increased as the duration of steaming of soy grits increased, whereas that of the full-fat flour did not. 5. The protein extractability in the defatted flour at pH 7.6 showed progressive decrease in solubility from 48.40％ (Bragg), 75.20％ (kwangkyo) for untreated flours to 9.75％ (Bragg), 26.27％ (kwangkyo) for 30 min steaming. But Kwangkyo variety showed twice higher protein extractability than Bragg variety.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.163-169
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• 1995

This study was conducted 1) to compare the nutrient content and mineral composition of the Philoppine indigenous sheep and goats diets when grazed in common pasture during rainy season, 2) to determine the influence of sampling methods on nutrient content and mineral composition of upland (UP) and lowland (LP) native pastures, and 3) to compare these two pasture types in terms of nutrient and mineral composition. Experiment 1 used sis esophageally fistulated animals, three each for sheep and goats. Weekly extrusa collection was done for a period of three months. Experiment 2 was conducted in UP and LP; these were sampled thrice by three methods, plucking, clipping and use of three esophageally fistulated sheep. Results of Experiment 1 indicated that the diets of sheep were greater in crude protein(CP; p < 0.01) and ether extract(EE; p < 0.05) but lower in crude fiber (CF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL; p < 0.05) than that of goat diets. All other nutrient fractions including mineral composition were not significantly different from each other. Significant findings of Experiment 2 were: CP content of UP was in the order fistulated > plucked > clipped (p < 0.05); CP content of LP was greater (p <0 .05) in fistulated and plucked samples; and ash content was greater (p < 0.05) in fistulated samples of both pastures. The CP of UP was different (p < 0.05) from each sampling method but the CP of LP and ADL of both pastures were greater (p < 0.05) in clipped samples. Most minerals either macro or microminerals were greater in fistulated samples of both pastures. Pooled data of the two pastures showed that LP had better nutrient characteristics and greater mineral composition. Based from this study, there were few differences between the diets of indigenous sheep and goats when grazed in common pasture. Also, sampling methods influenced the nutrient composition of indigenous sheep diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.1303-1310
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• 2014

A 12 week growth study was carried out to investigate the supplemental effects of dietary garlic powder (GP) on growth, feed utilization and whole body composition changes of fingerling sterlet sturgeon Acipenser ruthenus (averaging weight, 5.5 g). Following a 24-h fasting, 540 fish were randomly distributed to each of 18 tanks (30 fish/tank) under a semi-recirculation freshwater system. The GP of 0.5% (GP0.5), 1% (GP1), 1.5% (GP1.5), 2% (GP2) and 3% (GP3) was added to the control diet (GP0) containing 43% protein and 16% lipid. After the feeding trial, weight gain (WG) of fish fed GP1.5, GP2 and GP3 were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of fish fed GP0, GP0.5 and GP1. Feed efficiency and specific growth rate (SGR) showed a similar trend to WG. Protein efficiency ratio of fish fed GP1.5, GP2, and GP3 were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of fish groups fed the other diets. A significant difference (p<0.05) was found in whole body composition (moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, ash, and fiber) of fish at the end of the experiment. Significantly higher (p<0.05) protein and lipid retention efficiencies (PRE and LRE) were also found in GP1.5, GP2, and GP3 groups. Broken-line regression model analysis and second order polynomial regression model analysis relation on the basis of SGR and WG indicated that the dietary optimal GP level could be greater than 1.77% and 1.79%, but less than 2.95% and 3.18% in fingerling sterlet sturgeon. The present study suggested that dietary GP for fingerling sterlet sturgeon could positively affect growth performance and protein retention.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.971-975
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• 2007

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the feeding values of red pepper seed oil meal (RPSOM) and to investigate its dietary supplementation on broiler performances. In Exp. 1, nutritional values of RPSOM were evaluated by analyzing chemical composition and determining true metabolizable energy (TME), nitrogen corrected TME (TMEn) and true available amino acid (TAAA). RPSOM contained 22.50% of CP, 4.75% of ether extract, 27.70% of crude fiber, 4.73% of crude ash and 49.97 ppm of xanthophylls. The contents of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were 34 mg and 31 mg/100 g DM, respectively. The values of TME and TMEn determined by force-feeding 16 roosters were 1.73 kcal/g and 1.63 kcal/g DM, respectively. The average TAAA value of 17 amino acids was 85.22%. In Exp. 2, a total of 225 Ross male broiler chicks, 3 weeks old, were randomly divided into 9 groups of 25 birds each and assigned to three experimental diets containing 0 (control), 5 or 10% RPSOM fed ad libitum for 3 weeks. No significant differences were observed in growth performances and carcass characteristics. The level of serum cholesterol in the 10% RPSOM group was significantly lower than that of the control group (113.92 vs. 137.50 mg/dl). The dietary RPSOM at 5 and 10% levels increased the content of C18:2 ${\omega}{\sigma}$ in leg muscle compared with the control group. The results suggested that RPSOM can be included into broiler feed up to 10% without any negative effects on broiler performances and physiological responses and used as a non-conventional plant protein source, if its nutritional values are well evaluated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.980-987
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• 2012

In order to investigate the effect of physical forms of starter diets on performance, weaning age, nutrient digestibility and rumen biochemical factors, 24 female of neonatal Brown Swiss calves (average body weight of $39.5{\pm}1.2kg$) were randomly assigned to three treatments. Dietary treatments were mashed (MS), pelleted (PS), and texturized (TS) starter using 8 calves from birth till 90 days of age in each treatment. Diets were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous with 21% crude protein. Based on the experimental results, calves that received PS and TS diets, had significant higher average daily gain (ADG) than those receiving MS (p<0.01). Dry matter intake in calves fed PS and TS was greater than calves fed MS (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in feed efficiency. Treatments had no effect on initiation of rumination. Weaning age of calves in MS was longer than the other two treatments (p<0.05). Crude protein and organic matter digestibility in MS treated calves were lower than other treatments (p<0.05). No differences were observed in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ash digestibility among treatments (p>0.05). Ruminal pH was higher (p<0.01) in MS than the other groups, but ruminal ammonia (g/dl) concentration was not different among the treatments. Body measurements such as body length, pin width, hip width, pin to hip length, size of metacarpus and metatarsus bones, hip height, wither height, stomach size and heart girth were not significantly different among the treatments. Overall, it is concluded that starter diets in the form of pellet and texture can improve performance in neonatal Brown Swiss calves compared to the mashed form.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.292-295
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• 1977

하늘타리 뿌리의 일반성분(一般成分)과 천화분(天花粉) 전분(澱粉) 이화학적(理化學的) 제특성(諸特性)을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 하늘타리 뿌리의 화하적(化學的) 조성(組成)은 수분이 69.0%, 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 2.7%, 조지방(粗脂肪) 0.3%, 회분(灰分) 2.0%, 조섬유 3.4%이며 전분함량은 25.2%로서 다른 전분원료에 비하여 높았다. 2. 전분의 팽창력은 87.5%로 일만 곡류와 서류보다는 높았으며 amylose함량(含量)은 26.7%였다. 3. Alkali number는 34.3이었으며 Blue value는 0.42로서 고구마 전분(0.35)보다는 높고 도토리 전분(0.43)과 밀전분(0.41)과 비슷하였다. 4. 호화개시온도는 $60^{\circ}C$였으며 호화완료온도는 $67{\sim}68^{\circ}C$로서 고구마 전분$(72.5^{\circ}C)$보다 낮았다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.365-370
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• 2012

Proximate composition, reducing sugar, and mineral content of several cultivars of Rehmannia glutinosa were analyzed. the moisture and soluble solid content of fresh Rehmannia glutinosa ('Korea', 'Kokang', 'Sewon 10', 'Sewon 11' and 'Jihwang 1') were 74.6~78.4% and $19.6{\sim}22.4^{\circ}Brix$, respectively. Proximate composition of dried Rehmannia glutinosa ranged from 82.91~86.94% carbohydrate, 3.38~5.70% crude protein, 2.5~3.0% crude ash and 3.47~3.80% fiber. Sugar composition by HPLC/ELSD showed that sucrose (4.49~7.75 g/100 g), raffinose (2.96~4.78 g/100 g) and stachyose (42.36~45.87 g/100 g) were present, whereas monosaccharides were not detected in 5 cultivars of dried Rehmannia glutinosa. Mineral compositions of dried Rehmannia glutinosa by ICP-AES were Ca (639.9~782.0 ppm), Fe (128.5~634.9 ppm), Na (119~150 ppm), K (6,639.1~10,448.0 ppm), Mg (372.2~981.8 ppm) and Zn (8.8~474.2 ppm). However, Co and Mo were not detected. Among 5 cultivars of Rehmannia glutinosa, 'Kokang' and 'Sewon 10' contain higher amounts of Fe, Ca, K, Mg, Cu and Zn than the other cultivars.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2000

Natto, Traditional Japanese food fermented by Bacillus Natto, has been well known for a good nutritional food. However it has particular flavor, so most Koreans are not fond of it. That is the reason why, garlic(2%) and ginseng(2%) were added to make Natto, acceptable to Koreans. General soybean Natto($S_1$), 2% garlic Natto($S_2$), 2% ginseng Natto($S_3$) and blacksoybean Natto($S_4$) were prepared. The proximate composition revealed the most moisture content in $S_2$among the all samples. The most crude protein, crude fat and ash were found in $S_4$. The non-fibrous and fiber contents were the most in $S_1$and $S_3$. In the texture characteristics, hardness and gumminess were the highest in $S_4$. The highest springness and cohesiveness were found in $S_1$. Adhesiveness and chewing were the best in $S_2$and $S_3$. The minerals composition revealed the most calcium content in $S_3$among the all samples. Fatty acid compositions were mainly consisted of linoleic acid(46.91~48.47%). In the sensory evaluation, $S_3$showed the best preference, appearance and color. In the aspects of taste and texture, $S_4$was mostly preferred. Flavor and viscosity of $S_2$were the best among the all samples. The general soybean Natto($S_1$) without any addition showed low values in most examinations and tests. In the sensory evaluation, $S_3$has the best overall acceptability among the all experimental Nattos.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.183-192
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• 2004

The effect of eight varieties of grain and forage type whole crop rice (Oryza sativa L Japonica) each harvested at four stages of maturity were investigated for morphology and yield, proportion of botanical fractions, fermentatability and chemical composition in an $8{\times}4$ factorial experiment. All crops were sown in 1997 at Saitama Prefecture, Japan under identical condition and harvested on 10, 22, 34 and 45 days after flowering in 1998. Total DM yield of forage type varieties was similar to that of the highest yield of grain type varieties. However, while yield of forage type varieties was attributed to higher proportion of straw than head, the reverse was in the case of grain type varieties. Yield in line with the proportion of head increased (p<0.001), but in contrast proportion of straw decreased (p<0.001) with the increase in maturity. Silage fermentability of grain type varieties was better than forage type varieties. Fermentability improved with the increase (p<0.001) in maturity suggesting that the moisture content should be reduced to improve fermentation quality. Forage type varieties contained higher (p<0.001) ash, crude fat (EE), organic cell wall (OCW) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), but contained lower crude protein (CP), organic cell content (OCC), CP in OCC and nitrogen-free cell wall extract (NCWFE) than the grain type varieties. The ash, CP, EE, Oa (60% digestible OCW), Ob (40% digestible OCW), OCW, ADF and acid detergent lignin (ADL) decreased (p<0.001), but OCC and NCWFE increased (p<0.001) with the increase in maturity. It is concluded that stage of maturity not only increases yield and proportion of head, but also improved the fermentation quality and increases quality chemical composition (except CP) of whole crop rice. Forage type varieties may be as good as grain type varieties in terms of yield, but fermentation quality and chemical composition may not be as good as that of grain type varieties.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.348-355
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• 2000

The study was conducted to determine physicochemical parameters in various physical fractions (linter, hull, kernel, oil and meal) of cottonseed of different varieties (MNH 147, CIM 240, NIAB 78, FH 87, CIM 109, MNH 93, FH 682, GOHAR 87, SLS 1 and B 557). Average components of linter, hull, and kernel in different varieties of cotton were 12.21, 28.24 and 70.42%, respectively. Average percentage of meal and oil was 48.97 and 22.09% in seed, and 69.28 and 30.72% in kernel, respectively. Maximum percentage of meal was recovered from variety CIM 240 and lowest in variety CIM 109. Statistical analysls revealed variety differences (p<0.05) in seed and it's components. Average contents of crude protein, crude fiber and ash was 22.31, 17.74 and 4.27% in seed, 2.85, 56.50 and 2.61% in hull; 32.62, 3.45 and 4.01 % in kernel; 47.15, 5.00 and 5.78% in meal, respectively. Average contents of Ca, p, Mg, K, Na and Cl were 0.09, 0.22, 0.26, 0.65, 0.009 and 0.035% in seed; 0.12, 0.07, 0.09, 0.51, 0.020 and 0.034% in hull and 0.16, 0.59, 0.32, 1.01, 0.03 and 0.07% in meal of different varieties of cotton, respectively. Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn were 141.35, 24.55, 186.50 and 27.12 mg/kg in seed; 158.48, 2.06, 74.60, and 22.17 mg/kg in hulls; and 167.62, 20.30, 185.83 and 20.67 mg/kg in meal, respectively. Significant varietal differences were observed in proximate composition and mineral contents of cottonseeds and derived products. Cottonseeds and their products of varieties FH 87, CIM 109 and MNH 93 showed higher nutrient density while lower was observed in varieties CIM 240, SLS I and FH 682.