• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.1004-1009
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• 2006

Four male crossbred native beef cattle (average body weight of 427.7 kg) were randomly allocated to four types of cassoy-urea pellet as a source of protein in concentrate according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to determine effect of diets on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility. The four types of cassoy-urea pellets contained cassava hay, soybean meal, urea and binding agent at 79.2:19.8:0:1 (27.9% CP dry matter), 78.4:19.6:1:1 (30.4% CP), 77.6:19.4:2:1 (33.0% CP) and 99:0:0:1 (23.8% CP) for dietary treatments; 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. All four concentrate mixtures contained similar crude protein levels (11% CP) and were fed to animals in two equal parts (0.5% of body weight per day) while urea-treated rice straw (5% urea) was given ad libitum. The experiment revealed that dietary concentrate treatments had no effect on dry matter intake while digestibilities of neutral-detergent fiber and crude protein were higher (p<0.05) in cattle fed dietary treatments 1, 2 and 3 than in cattle fed dietary treatment 4. Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen ($NH_3$-N), was higher and acetic acid concentration (C2) and ratio of C2 to propionic acid (C3) were lower (p<0.05) in cattle fed dietary treatments 1, 2 and 3 than in those on treatment 4. It is concluded that use of cassoy-urea pellet as a protein source in concentrates for cattle resulted in improvement of digestibility, ruminal fermentation and rumen ecology. Further research using cassoy-urea pellet in feeding trials with milking cows and fattening beef should be undertaken.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.289-292
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• 1997

A grazing trial was carried out to determine the effects of different grass/legume pastures on forage production, legume proportion, nutritive value, and animal performance. The pasture mixtures were mainly orchardgrass (OG) + ladino clover (T1), OG + alfalfa (T2), perennial ryegrass + alfalfa (T3), and grass alone mainly OG (T4). The pastures were rotationally grazed 7 times with heifers which had an initial liveweight of about 243 kg in 1991 and 1992. The average plant height at each grazing was 32.4 cm. The annual dry matter yield ranged from 9.19 MT in T4 to 9.61 MT/ha in T3, but no significant difference among different mixture combinations was found. The proportion of ladino clover in T1 mixtures rapidly increased from 21% to 68% during the grazing season. However, the proportion of alfalfa in T2 and T3 ranged from 12% to 23%. The contents of crude protein and calcium, respectively, in the forages were highest in T1 (23.2%, 0.68%) and lowest in T4 (18.5%, 0.13%), while crude fiber content showed the opposite trends. Liveweight gain was greatest on T1 (1.073 kg) and lowest on T4 (643 kg). It was concluded that pasture mixtures containing legume (ladino clover) can increase forage nutritive value and animal performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.529-535
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• 2007

The nutritive values of leaves of Citrus grandis, Citrus aurantium, Citrus oranges, Citrus limon, and Citrus deliciosa were evaluated by chemical composition and in vitro gas production techniques. There were significant (p<0.001) differences among citrus species in terms of chemical composition. Crude protein (CP) contents ranged from 123.0 to 148.3 g/kg DM. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents were varied with species in the range 219.4-355.4 and 215.0-278.8 g/kg DM respectively. Condensed tannin (CT) contents were ranged from 5.9 to 10.2 g/kg DM. The PEG addition significantly (p<0.001) increased the gas production and some estimated parameters of citrus tree leaves. However, species showed variable responses to polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment. There were also significant (p<0.001) differences among species in terms of gas production and estimated parameters. The OMD and ME contents of citrus leaves without PEG supplementation were ranged from 66.5 to 73.3% and 9.8 to 10.9 MJ/kg DM respectively. The improvement in gas production, organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) with PEG emphasized the negative effect of tannins on digestibility. The increase (%) in the estimated OMD and ME contents ranged from 5.5 to 9.8% and 5.7 to 10.2% respectively. All citrus tree leaves studied in this experiment have potential nutritive values indicated by high crude protein content, OMD, ME and low fiber values.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.1144-1148
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• 2001

The implications of incorporating deoiled rice bran (DORB) in diet on the utilization of certain nutrients had been examined through balance studies made with 6- and 10- week-old Japanese quails. The stuffs evaluated in this study had their origin from two different types of processes- a batch extraction (DORB-B) and another continuous process (DORB-C), and each included at 10, 20 or 30% level in an iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diet. On chemical analyses, the DORB-B was found to contain crude protein, 19.0; ether extract, 0.79; total ash, 17.05; Ca, 0.11; P, 1.92; glucose, 2.35 and starch 11.22 g/100 g day matter. Corresponding values for DORB-C were 15.02, 1.56, 13.0, 0.40, 2.76, 2.16 and 19.0, respectively. The data on nutrient balances with quails fed diets containing the two-types of DORB suggested no significant (p>0.05) differences in per cent retention of diet dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), gross energy (GE), nitrogen (N), crude fiber (CF), calcium (Ca) or phosphorus (P) content attributable to the extraction process. The age of the birds also appeared to have no significant (p>0.05) effect on nutrient utilization by them. However, the level of inclusion of DORB had a significant (p<0.05) effect on nutrient utilization by quails in that the retention of dietary N, EE, CF, Ca and P was better at lower than at higher levels. It is concluded that the DORB, irrespective of extraction process, can safely be employed upto 20% level in diet of adult Japanese quails without noticeable interference in utilizing the major dietary nutrients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2016

In order to provide recommendations on the most useful forage species to smallholder farmers, eleven grass and eleven legume forages grown in Abomey-Calavi in Republic of Benin were investigated for nutritive value (i.e. chemical composition and energy content) and fermentation characteristics (i.e. gas and volatile fatty acid production, organic matter degradability). The in vitro gas production technique was used, incubating the forages for 120 h under anaerobic condition with buffalo rumen fluid. Compared to legume, tropical grass forages showed lower energy (8.07 vs 10.57 MJ/kg dry matter [DM]) and crude protein level (16.10% vs 19.91% DM) and higher cell wall content (neutral detergent fiber: 63.8% vs 40.45% DM), respectively. In grass forages, the chemical composition showed a quite high crude protein content; the in vitro degradability was slightly lower than the range of tropical pasture. The woody legumes were richer in protein and energy and lower in structural carbohydrates than herbaceous plants, however, their in vitro results are influenced by the presence of complex compounds (i.e. tannins). Significant correlations were found between chemical composition and in vitro fermentation characteristics. The in vitro gas production method appears to be a suitable technique for the evaluation of the nutritive value of forages in developing countries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.75-80
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• 1976

The development of protein utilization with keratin(cattle hair and human hair) have heen investigated. The include a) conditioning of hydrolysis of keratin, b) isolation of crude protein, c) pepsin HCl digestibility of isolated protein, d) the amino acid composition of isolated protein and amino acid concentrate. The results are obtained as follow ; 1. Human hair and cattle hair were softened and hydrolysed with hot dilute alkali(especially 1% NaOH) 2. Crude protein were isolated from hydrolysed keratin by means of different solubility and isoelectric point. 3. The protein isolated was of good quality on the point of color, protein content and pepsin digestibility. 4. The amino acid concentrate obtained by acids processing was of good quality on the point of color, taste and amino acid composition.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.14
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• pp.139-145
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• 1973

Effects of Choline Chloride on growth and yields of sweet-potato cultivated with the single crop and after-barley crop were summarized as follows. 1. The greatest effect was obtained when the sprout-bases of sweet potato were soaked in the solution of Choline Chloride for 24 hours, while the optimum concentration of Choline Chloride was 32.3ppm in case of single crop and 31.1ppm in after barley crop respectively. 2. Choline Chloride restrained the growth of stem; the length shortened and the dry weight decreased. 3. The number of tubers and yields were increased by treating choline chloride. It may be thought that the translocations of assimilation substance from leaves and stem to tubers, was stimulated by treating choline chloride. The tendancy of higher yielding was shown in the early harvesting than in the usual harvesting 4. Sugar and starch content were higher, crude fiber and crude protein content were lower as compared with the control.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.813-820
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• 2012

To develop the high quality gluten-free rice products with health functionality and desirable texture with moistness, the physicochemical properties of extruded rice flours prepared from the mixture of germinated brown and white rices were investigated. The domestic organic Samgwangbyeo was used to make white and germinated brown rices. White rice (WR) was dried after soaked for 6 h at $15{\pm}3^{\circ}C$ and mixed with germinated brown rice (GBR) with different mixing ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100). The operating conditions of twin screw extruder were 250 rpm of screw speed, $120^{\circ}C$ of barrel temperature, and 25% moisture content of rice flour. The ash, crude protein and crude lipid contents were significantly different (p<0.05) and those of extruded GBR were the highest values, but those of extruded WR were the lowest. The color difference of extruded WR based on white plate showed the lowest among them. The water binding capacity (334.16%), swelling power (8.83 g/g), solubility (33.13%), and total starch (79.50%) were the lowest in extruded GBR. The viscosities of all extruded rice flours by RVA were maintained during heating. The peak and total setback viscosities of extruded rice flours ranged 127-352 and 58.0-85.5 cP, respectively. The novel food biomaterial from germinated brown rice as well as white rice was developed by twin screw extruder. The extruded rice flours control the moistness to improve the texture and also have functional materials, dietary fiber, GABA, and ferulic acid, etc to increase quality of gluten free rice products.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.797-804
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of mulberry juice on the quality characteristics of mulberry jelly. Samples of mulberry jelly were divided into four groups by adding different mulberry juice. The four groups were divided into MJ-0 (mulberry jelly without mulberry juice), MJ-30 (mulberry jelly with 30% mulberry juice), MJ-50 (mulberry jelly with 50% mulberry juice) and MJ-70 sample (mulberry jelly with 70% mulberry juice). The moisture content in all MJ samples decreased with an increase in the addition of mulberry juice. The highest crude ash content, brix and pH in MJ-70 sample were 0.66%, 25.00 °Brix and 4.84, respectively. No significant crude fiber changes were observed in all MJ samples. In the case of Hunter's value, 'L' values in all MJ samples decreased with an increase in the addition of mulberry juice. Turbidity, brown degree, total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and content increased with an increase in mulberry juice. Levels of Ca, K, Na, and Mg contents in all samples were higher than those of the other minerals. Texture in all MJ samples on the whole decreased with an increase in mulberry juice added. However, no significant texture charges were observed in all samples. The highest scores for the overall acceptance (4.52) were found in the MJ sample with 50% mulberry juice.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.232-236
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• 1992

In order to manufacture of soy paste, Changes of chemical composition and enzyme activity of soybean by different processing method were investigated. The results are summarized as follows: Changes of chemical compositions were; Raw(A) and soaked(B) soybeans contain about 2% of more crude fat than roasted(C) and steamed(D) soybeans, roasted and steamed soybeans contain $1.16{\sim}1.74%$ of more protein than those of raw and soaked soybeans, and Raw and roasted soybeans contain $0.11{\sim}0.41%$ of more crude fiber than those of soaked and steamed soybeans. ${\alpha}-amylase$, ${\beta}-amylase$, protease, lipase activity of raw and soaked soybeans were $2{\sim}5$ folds higher than those of roasted and steamed soybeans. Trypsin inhibitor activity of raw, soaked, roasted and steamed soybeans was indicated 56.7%, 42.9%, 32.9% and 20.8% in the order, respectively.