• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.10-16
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• 1986

To evaluate the nutritive value, 13 Wild vegetables which commonly used for side dish were analyzed. Their Moisture are lower than that of other vegetables. Crude Protein content of thess Wild vegetables is more than 2% , which is higher than that of other vegetables and these tendencies were also shown in the content of Crude Ash. The content of Crude Fat and of Crude Fiber are similar in the Wild vegetables, but Crude Fiber of C. lanceolata TRAUTV is three times higher than that of other Wild vegetables. In all Wild vegetables, the K content of Mineral is similar, but that of C. lanceolata TRAUTV is very low. The content of Ca and P are quite different among Wild vegetables. The content of Mg is also similar each other, about 16mg%, but that of P. agwilinum var. latiusculum UNDERW, A. elata SEEM, A. altissima SWINGLE, root of A. triphylla (Thunb.)A.DC., H.Thunbergii BAK. is 8.99, 7.69, 4.30, 4.13 and 1.92mg% respectively. Total Amino acids were contained in order of A. elata; 3072.4mg%>C. lanceolata TRAUTV; 2709.4mg%>P. agwilinum var. latiusculum UNDERW, A. altissimB SWTNGLE, A. Japonica KOIDZ, S.palmata MAX. : about 2350mg%>L.Jaluensis KOM., P.Caponicus MAX., leaf of A. triphylla(Thunb.)A.DC., C.Japonicum var. ussuriense, H.plantaginea ASCHERS; about 1400mg%>H.Thunbergii BAK., A.scaber THUNB, root of A. triphylla(Thunb.) A.DC. ; about 600mg%, Asp.A.A. and Glu.A.A. content, 46% of Total A.A. is higher than other Amino acids and the content of Arg. A.A. in C.lanceolata TRAUTV which is higher than that of other Amino acids is 6 times highly than that of other Wild vegetables. A. altissima SWINGLE, H.plantaginea ASCHERS, A.Japonica KOIDZ contain Vitamin C a little avobe, 45.9mg%, 36.8mg%, 30.2mg% respectively. Glucoslde content of L.Jaluensis KOM., C.lanceolata TRAUTV which are 4.1%, 3.5%, were highest of all ana that of P.Caponicus MAX., P.agwilinum var. latiusculum UNDERW, 2.2%, 2.0% is in the second, which seems to be the cause of bitter taste.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.274-279
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• 1989

The objective of the study was to determine optimum clipping time, interval and height of Suwon 1 pearl millet hybrid in Korea to increase forage yield and quality. Clipping height 20 cm above the ground surface was the best resulting in producing 11.1 tons per hectare of green chop. However, clipping height 5 cm was not good for regrowth of the ratoon crop. Just after the first cutting when the plant height reached two meters around mid-July, four weeks cutting interval was the best for higher forage yield of 11. 4 tons per hectare. Crude protein content of the clipping height 20 cm was the highest being 12.8 percent. Dry matter of the first cut contained 14 percent of crude protein being the highest, and with lower crude fiber content of 24 percent. And also four weeks cutting interval was the highest in crude protein content being 13.1 percent along with lower crude fiber content of 24.2 percent. Thus, the forage yield depended on clipping height greatly, but the quality was dependent upon clipping time, interval and frequency more than cutting height pearl millet plant. It would be desirable for higher yield and quality of Suwon 1 pearl millet hybrid to cut three or four times during the growing season at 20 cm clipping height and at four weeks clipping interval from the first cut when the canopy height is above one meter under the Korean environmental conditions.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 1988

Pearl millet has been detected as a promising new forage crop of excellent quality and productivity since 1985. Its green fodder yields were 10.7 to 12.8 tons per hectare in average of 26 accessions in Suwon, 1985. The yield level was much higher than those of Italian and pro so millets and com. Com was better than Italian and proso millets, and proso millet was better than Italian millet for a green fodder crop. Suwon 1 pearl millet hybrid was the best of the 13 hybrids examined in Suwon, 1986 being 149 tons per hectare of three times cut green fodder yields. The pearl millet hybrid was higher in green fodder yield than com and sorghum/sudan grass hybrids. Leaf area index was 32.4 for the three times cut pearl millet, while 5.8 for the one time cut corn, and 20.8 for the three times cut sorghum/sudan grass. Crude protein content was 16.3 percent for pearl millet being six to five percent higher than corn and sorghum/sudan grass, 11.8 percent for the one time cut at maturity and 16.1 percent for four times cut being higher than corn and sorghum/sudan grass. Crude fat content was 3. percent for pear 1 millet grain being some what higher than corn and sorghum/sudan grass and 1.3-1.4 percent for green fodder crop. Crude fiber content in grain was 1.9 percent for pearl millet 2.6 percent for corn, and 4.3 percent for sorghum/sudan grass. Crude fiber content in pearl millet plant was 24.4 to 26.8 percent, Crude ash content was 2.4 percent in grain and 10.8 to 11.6 percent in the plants of pearl millet hybrid. In vitro digestibility of grain was 93.7 percent for pearl millet, 95.4 percent for corn, and 55.8 percent for sorghum/sudan grass. The digestibility of whole plant was 57.6 to 63.4 percent for pearl millet, 46.3 percent for corn, and 47.3 to 57.6 percent for sorghum/sudan grass. Heavier nitrogen fertilizer applications increased green fodder yields, protein content and digestibility, but reduced fat and ash content of pearl millet inbred line T 186.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.667-673
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• 2014

Eight multiparous Holstein cows ($632{\pm}12$ kg BW; $135{\pm}16$ DIM) were used in a replicated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to evaluate the effects of forage sources on rumen fermentation characteristics, performance, and microbial protein (MCP) synthesis. The forage portion of the diets contained alfalfa hay (AH), oat hay (OH), Leymus chinensis (LC), or rice straw (RS) as the primary source of fiber. Diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric, and cows were fed four corn silages based total mixed rations with equivalent nonfiber carbohydrate (NFC) and forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Dry matter intake was not affected by the source of dietary forages, ranging from 18.83 to 19.20 kg/d, consequently, milk yield was similar among diets. Because of the numerical differences in milk fat and milk protein concentrations, 4% FCM and ECM yields were unchanged (p>0.05). Mean rumen pH, NH3-N content, and concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid were not affected by the treatments (p>0.05). Dietary treatments did not affect the total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein (p>0.05); however, digestibility of NDF and acid detergent fiber in RS diet was higher compared with AH, OH, and LC diets (p<0.05). Total purine derivative excretion was higher in cows fed AH, OH, and LC diets compared with those fed RS diet (p<0.05), consequently, estimated MCP synthesis was 124.35 g/d higher in cows fed AH diet compared with those fed RS diet (p<0.05). The results indicated that cows fed AH, OH, LC, and RS diets with an equivalent forage NDF and NFC have no unfavourable effect on the ruminal fermentation and productive parameters.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.123-130
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• 2020

These experiments were to investigate the variations of rye on forage quality, productivity and β-carotene concentration affected by maturity in Pyeongchang region. Limited information are available about how forage quality and β-carotene content are affected by various factors. Samples were collected from rye harvested every 5 days, from April 25 to May 31 (April 25, April 30, May 4, May 9, May 15, May 21, May 25 and May 31). Dry matter (DM) content, plant height, DM yield and total digestible nutrient (TDN) yield increased continuously with the progressed maturity. However, crude protein (CP) content, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and relative feed value (RFV) decreased markedly with the delay of harvesting, while TDN content decreased from April 25 till May 15, then followed by a stable fluctuation. Conversely, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) value increased and then fluctuated slightly after blooming stage. For quality of plant parts, stem contained the lowest CP content and RFV value, and the highest ADF and NDF contents compared with other parts, while the grain showed the higher CP, IVDMD, RFV and lower fiber contents than others. With the plant matured, leaf proportion decreased while stem and grain proportion increased, and feed value of all the three parts decreased till blooming stage and followed by a stable phase. β-carotene concentration showed its highest on jointing stage, and then fell down sharply on the sequential stages. In conclusion, harvest around May 15 (blooming) is proper for forage rye if directly consumed by livestock as green chop in Pyeongchang under the consideration of both nutritive yield and forage quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.660-664
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• 2003

An attempt was made to evaluate the effects of total mixed rations (TMR) containing 17.5% forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from paragrass, paragrass+cassava chips and corn silages on the performance of dairy cows in the tropics. Experimental dietary treatments contained a similar content of total NDF, total non-fiber carbohydrates, crude protein and energy. Maximum and minimum temperature humidity index during the experimental period were 79.1-80.6 and 66.8-68.6, respectively. Among silage sources, there were no differences (p>0.05) in concentrations of acetic and propionic acids and butyric acid was undetectable. Concentration of lactic acid was higher (p<0.01) in corn silage but its pH was lower (p<0.01) than in paragrass and paragrass+cassava silages. Dairy cows on TMR containing corn silage not only gained more weight (161 and 46 vs. -189 g/d) but also consumed more feed (18.47, 15.84 and 14.49 kg/d), and produced more milk (23.89, 22.03 and 20.83 kg/d), 4% fat corrected milk (25.47, 24.05 and 22.02 kg/d), solids-not-fat (1.99, 18.3 and 1.73 kg/d) and total solid (3.10, 2.85 and 2.64 kg/d) compared with those on TMR containing paragrass+cassava and paragrass silages, respectively (p<0.01). Dairy cows on TMR containing paragrass+cassava silage were better in these respects (p<0.01). These results suggest that in formulating diets on an equal NDF basis for different forage qualities, diets higher in forage quality can stimulate higher DMI for dairy cows in the tropics and thus improve productivity.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.383-386
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• 2010

This experiment was conducted to investigate the quality of wild flowers and mixed wild flower silages. Silage materials employed ochardgrass and mixed wild flower (orchardgrass, white clover, Achillea sibirica Ledeb., Coreopsistinctoria Nutt., Rudbeckiabicolor Nutt., Centaureacyanus L.). Six kilograms of silage materials cut from each treatment were divided into 3 containers, packed by vacuum, and fermented for 40 days. The orchardgrass silage showed significantly higher contents of crude protein than that of mixed wild flower silage. But the neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents of orchardgrass silage were significantly lower than those of mixed wild flower silage. pH and butyric acid of orchardgrass silage were significantly lower than those of mixed wild flower silage, and significantly higher in lactic acid contents. It appears that water soluble carbohydrates needs to be supplemented, being grounded on the results above, into wild flower materials both with high fiber materials and with low substances which need lactic acid fermentation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.906-912
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• 2000

The effect of ammonia treatment and rice bran supplementation on the in situ rumen degradation of rice straw was determined using three Japanese Corriedale wethers fitted with permanent rumen cannula. About 4 g samples of diets containing 100% untreated rice straw (URS); 100% ammonia treated rice straw (ARS); 65% URS+30% rice bran (RB)+5% soybean meal (SBM) (T1); and 85% ARS+15% RB (T2) were incubated at 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours in the rumen of sheep to measure dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability. The DM disappearance of ARS based diets were about 20% higher than that of URS based diets. Rice bran supplementation improved DM disappearance of URS but not on ammoniated straw. Degradation parameters showed that ammoniation increased rate (c) of straw degradation resulting to higher DM and fiber degradability but RB supplementation did not. ARS gave similar DM and CP solubility and effective rumen degradability (ED) with that of the supplemented groups indicating that ammoniation alone can give the same effect on rumen degradability of sheep receiving low quality roughage. All degradation parameters for NDF were consistently higher in ARS based-diets indicating improved fiber solubility. Rice bran supplementation did not affect degradation characteristics of the diets except on soluble DM and CP fraction (A) of URS but not on ARS.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.203-210
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• 1996

A 13-month study was conducted to determine the monthly variation of crude protein(CP), cell contents(CC), fiber fractions and mineral concentrations of paragrass [Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf.] and stargrass (Cynodon plectostachyum Pilger) and to estimate the correlations among the nutrient fractions and climatic factors. The forage samples collected by hand plucking were found to contain CP and mineral concentrations. i.e. calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), potassium(K) and zinc(Zn) above the critical levels based on ruminant veeds. Monthly differences(p<0.05) were observed in all CP, CC, neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF), hemicellulose(HE), cellulose(CE) and acid detergent lignin(ADL) between the two grass species. Monthly differences(p<0.05) were also observed in all concentrations of forage Ca, K, phosphorus(P), copper(Cu) and Zn except in Mg of both grasses and K of stargrass. Species differences(p<0.05) were observed in all nutrient fractions except Mg and K concentrations. Rainfall had positive correlations to CP, P(p<0.01) and CC(p<0.05); it had negative correlations to NDF(p<0.05). ADF, CE, Ca, Cu and Zn(p<0.01). Temperature, humidity and daylength had also some correlations to various nutrient fractions.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.433-450
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• 2002

The daily food intake for dairy cows has to be effectively controlled to breed a sound group of cows as well as to enhance the productivity of the cows. But, feed stuffs are fed in the common bulk for a group of cows in most cases despite that the individual food intake has to be varied. To obtain the feed for each cow, both the nutrient requirements and the nutrient composition of fred have to be provided in advance, which are based on the status of cows such as weigh marginal weight amount of milk, fat concentration in milk, growth and milking stages, and rough feed ratio, etc. Then, the mixed ration fur diet would be computed by the nutrient requirements constraints. However, when TMR (Total Mixed Ration) is conventionally supplied for a group of cows, it is almost impossible to get an optimal feed mixed ration meeting the nutrient requirements of each individual cow since the constraints are usually conflicting and over-constrained although they are linear. Hence, addressed in this paper is a simulated annealing (SA) technique to find the food intake for dairy cows, considering the characteristics of individual or grouped cows. Appropriate parameters fur the successful working of SA are determined through preliminary experiments. The parameters include initial temperature, epoch length. cooling scheduling, and stopping criteria. In addition, a neighborhood solution generation method for the effective improvement of solutions is presented. Experimental results show that the final solution for the mixture of feed fits the rough feed ratio and some other nutrient requirements such as rough fiber, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber, with 100 percent, while fulfilling net energy for lactating, metabolic energy, total digestible nutrients, crude protein, and undegraded intake protein within average five percent.