• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 2019

This study was carried out to explore the accuracy of near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) for the prediction of moisture content and chemical parameters on winter annual forage crops. A population of 2454 winter annual forages representing a wide range in chemical parameters was used in this study. Samples of forage were scanned at 1nm intervals over the wavelength range 680-2500nm and the optical data was recorded as log 1/Reflectance(log 1/R), which scanned in intact fresh condition. The spectral data were regressed against a range of chemical parameters using partial least squares(PLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with spectral math treatments to reduced the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected based on the highest coefficients of determination in cross validation($R^2$) and the lowest standard error of cross-validation(SECV). The results of this study showed that NIRS calibration model to predict the moisture contents and chemical parameters had very high degree of accuracy except for barely. The $R^2$ and SECV for integrated winter annual forages calibration were 0.99(SECV 1.59%) for moisture, 0.89(SECV 1.15%) for acid detergent fiber, 0.86(SECV 1.43%) for neutral detergent fiber, 0.93(SECV 0.61%) for crude protein, 0.90(SECV 0.45%) for crude ash, and 0.82(SECV 3.76%) for relative feed value on a dry matter(%), respectively. Results of this experiment showed the possibility of NIRS method to predict the moisture and chemical composition of winter annual forage for routine analysis method to evaluate the feed value.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.225-231
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• 2023

This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics, yield and chemical compositions of whole crop barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) according to mixing ratio of chemical fertilizer (CF) and liquid swine manure (LSM) in the paddy field cultivation. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with five treatments and three replications. The manure fertilizer ratio of five treatments were CF 100% (T1), CF 70% + LSM 30% (T2), CF 50% + LSM 50% (T3), CF 30% + LSM 70% (T4), and LSM 100% (T5) of whole crop barley. At this time, the application of liquid swine manure was based solely on the nitrogen. Plant length was higher at T1 as compared to other treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5). Fresh yield, dry matter yield and total digestive nutrients (TDN) yield were the highest in T1, whereas the lowest in T5 treatment (p<0.05). Chemical compositions (crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and TDN) did not show significant difference among treatments. Ca and Na contents were significantly lower at T1 as compared to other treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5). However, Mg and P contents were significantly higher at T1 as compared to other treatments(p<0.05). There was no significant difference in total free sugar content among T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments, but the chemical fertilizer (T1) was significantly lower than the other treatments (p<0.01). Considering the above results, liquid swine manure application showed lower dry matter yield and TDN yield than chemical fertilizer, but higher free sugar content. Therefore, in order to increase the productivity of whole crop barley, it is considered desirable to mix liquid fertilizer with chemical fertilizer, taking into account the decomposition rate and insufficient components (P, K) of the liquid swine manure.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to investigate effects of application of diluted and undiluted cattle slurry with water on seasonal and annual dry matter yields and feed values of tall fescue in the uncultivated rice paddy and it was compared with chemical fertilizer in order to determine optimal application season and dilution level of cattle slurry. When diluted or undiluted cattle slurry with water was applied to uncultivated rice paddy, annual dry matter yields showed 11.31 to 14.81 ton DM/ha (average 13.13 ton DM/ha) for diluted and 10.57 to 12.51 ton DM/ha (average 11.50 ton DM/ha) for undiluted cattle slurries, these had a higher dry matter yield than those of no fertilizer (9.21 ton DM/ha). Furthermore, separate application of early spring and summer (SA plots), separate application of early and late spring, and summer (SUA plots) fur undiluted cattle slurries, and whole application of spring (DS plots), separate application of early spring and summer (DSA plots), separate application of early and late spring, and summer (DSUA plots) for diluted cattle slurries were significantly (P<0.05) higher for annual dry matter yield than no fertilizer plots. Plots applied chemical fertilizer with nitrogen (N), phorphorus (P) and potassium (K) had 15.38 ton DM/ha annually, resulted in significantly (P<0.05) higher DM yield than chemical fertilizer containing P and K, and no fertilizer plots. Moreover, average annual DM yield for the chemical fertilizer with P and K was lower than that of cattle slurry applications. The efinciency of DM production for mineral nitrogen of chemical fertilizers was annually average 31.3 kg DM/kg N. In terms of cutting time of tall fescue, it was lowered in the order of 2nd growth followed by 1st and 3rd growth. However, efficiencies of annual DM production of nitrogen for diluted and undiluted cattle slurries were 26.1 and 15.3 kg DM/kg N, respectively, especially, highest in 2nd growth. While, efficiencies of DM production for cattle slurry versus for mineral nitrogen were 48.9 (undiluted) and 83.4% (diluted), respectively. For annual crude protein (CP) contents of tall fescue, aqueous cattle slurry applications showed 9,9 to 11.6%, which were significantly (P<0.05) higher than no fertilization (9.5%) and chemical fertilizer (9.0 to 9.8%), but annual average NDF and ADF contents were lowest in no fertilization. On the contrary, relative feed value (RFV) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of no fertilizer plots were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other plots. The application of cattle slurry and their dilution significantly increased yields of crude protein and total digestible nutrients compared with no and/or P and K fertilizers (P<0.05). These trends were much conspicuous in water-diluted cattle slurries applied in the early and late spring and summer, separately (DSUA plots).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

In order to manufacture feed suitable for consumer use and provide feed value information, we analyzed the feed components of the four main forage rice varieties by plant parts harvested 30 days after heading. The contents of the six feed ingredients were significantly different (p<0.05) among harvested parts. In the panicle, the crude protein (CP) (6.97%) and lignin (3.11%) were the highest, while the crude ash (CA) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents were significantly lower, resulting in a total digestible nutrient (TDN) content of 77.29%, which is higher than that of the stem (64.82%) and leaf blade and sheath (LBS) (63.57%) (p<0.05). In contrast, the content of crude fat (CF) did not differ significantly among parts (p<0.05). In panicles from 'Jonong', 'Nokyang' and 'Yeongwoo', the TDN content of each cultivar was 78.48-79.07%, with no significant difference among the varieties. In 'Mogwoo' (Mw), the CP content was 8.70%, which was much higher than that of other varieties (p<0.05). In particular, the Mw TDN content was slightly lower in the panicle (72.95%) but higher in the stem (75.37%) and LBS (66.49%) than in the other varieties. The CA, NDF, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and lignin contents were also very low compared to other varieties; therefore, the feed value of the stem and LBS was excellent. In addition, the total dry matter weight (DMW) was 123 g per hill, which was much higher than 82-105 g per hill for other varieties. The distribution of DMW by part was LBS (56.9 g), stem (36.8 g), and panicle (29.3 g), and because the parts, except the panicles, were much higher than the 43-57% of other varieties (grain straw ratio: 76%), rice straw is advantageous in terms of quantity and feed value when used as forage on farms. The relative feed value (RFV) of the four cultivars ranged from 86.79-403.74 across all parts, and hay of grade 3 or higher with an RFV of 100 or more increased with delayed heading in both stems and LBS. This is due to the accumulation of starch into grains during ripening, which supports the observation that the RFV of the early flowering 'Jonong' and 'Nokyang' panicles increased.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.185-197
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• 2009

For utilizing Cattail pollen as a raw material for functional foods, the nutrients such as free sugar, free amino acid, fatty acid composition, flavonoid content, and the biological activity within Cattail pollen were measured. The results of proximate analysis within Cattail pollen included the following readings: 12.7-13.2% of moisture, 15.7-17.8% of crude protein, 1.3% of crude fat, 7.5-7.7% of free sugar, 13.7-18.6% of crude fiber, 3.4-4.9% of ash, and 49.7-55.9% of nitrogen free extracts. The composition of free amino acids consisted of 1.923% of T. orientalis, 0.907% of T. angustata, and 0.333% of T. latifolia, which were measurements that varied significantly among different species. However, all species showed considerable portions of GABA alanine, glutamic acid, and proline. Specifically, it was shown that the GABA composition, which is known for increasing immunity while simultaneously lowering blood pressure, exceeded 50%. Therefore, this result implies that Cattail pollens have potential as a powerful utilization for functional foods. The composition of the fatty acids mainly consisted of linoeic, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linolenic acid, and didn't show many variances across different species. Also, the total contents of unsaturated fatty acid were particularly high with a measured ratio of 67.2-76.0% value. Mineral in Cattail pollen was composed of 0.354-0.492% of K, 0.0516-0.0546% of Mg, 0.045-0.0486% of Ca, and 0.0101-0.0204% of Na. Among the Cattail pollens known as anti-oxidants, flavonoid contains 0.169-0.186% of quercetin, and therefore is the largest constituent followed by rutin making up a measurement of 0.0094-0.0147%. For the purpose of the study, the Cattail pollen and its extracts were fed to SC class rats for a span of 4 weeks. Then, the DPPH radical scavenging activity was measured from the tested rats'serums and the results showed significant variances. Also, the results indicated that the cholesterol and glucose levels in the blood were decreased which in turn led to the conclusion that the cattail pollen can help hyperlipidemia and diabetic treatments.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.241-248
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• 2009

In order to investigate the effects of synbiotics on change of chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of total mixed ration (TMR), eight TMRs fermented by synbiotics composing the anaerobic microbes (bacteria, yeast, mold) were alloted to the experimental treatments. Treatments were composed of untreated synbiotics(US), bacterial synbiotics (BS), yeast synbiotics (YS), mold synbiotics (MS), bacterial and mold synbiotics (BMS), yeast and mold synbiotics (YMS), bacterial and yeast synbiotics (BYS), and bacterial, yeast and mold synbiotics (BYMS). After 7 days of anaerobic fermentation, fermented-TMRs were exposed to air during 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days. One hundred forty four (8 treatments ${\times}$ 6 exposing days ${\times}$ 3 replications) fermented- TMRs were manufactured by vinyl bag sized of 43 cm by 58 cm. The results obtained were as follows. Moisture contents of the fermented TMRs anaerobically ranged from 41% to 45%, and was similar to those of basal TMRs. As results of anaerobic fermentation, the concentration of crude protein was decreased by 11.7% to 14.8% in the untreated sample, while was rather increased by 11% when the TMR was fermented with BMYS. And also BMYS treatment showed decreases by 32% for crude fiber, 15.5% for NDF and 26.1% for ADF. Internal temperature of fermented-TMRs was highest at 7 day of exposing in the air. The pH of fermented-TMR juice was significant difference betweentreatments after 7 day of exposing in air, and that of BMS was highest at 14 day after exposing in air (P<0.05). Acid buffering capacity was increased in proportion to the exposing day of TMR, and peaked at 7 or 14 days after exposing. Ammonia concentration of fermented-TMRs was highest at 5 day after exposing in the air. Individual volatile fatty acid of fermented-TMR juice was very low level in all treatments. Although BMYS treatment to TMR inclined to increase in crude protein and decrease in fibers, but there were no positive effects on the fermentation characteristics after exposing in the air by supplementation of anaerobic synbiotics to TMR.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.263-268
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine application possibility of mulberry (Morus alba) silage as a functional feed in feeding management of Korean native cattle for high quality beef production by analysing active components and antioxidative activity. The chemical analysis of mulberry silage indicates that the content of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber and crude ash was $28.41{\pm}3.12%,\;12.43{\pm}0.28%,\;2.47{\pm}0.18%,\;20.29{\pm}0.75%\;and\;6.98{\pm}0.12%$, respectively. The content of 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ), which is representative active ingredient of mulberry and blood sugar descending component, was 0.568 mg/g and the content of $\gamma$-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is blood pressure descending component, was 5,936.22 pmol. Mulberry silage used in this study did not contain flavonoids but did contain total phenols for 21.69 ${\mu}g/mg$. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was increased with increasing the concentration of mulberry silage extracts and there was above 50% of scavenging activity at the concentration of 0.25 mg/ml. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was also increased with increasing the concentration of silage extracts. Alkyl radical scavenging activity was high at the low concentration of silage extracts, which was above 50% of scavenging activity at the concentration of 0.125 mg/ml. The result of this study indicated that there was high possibility of mulberry silage as a functional feed for beef cattle.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of additives on the quality of alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) silage at the forage experimental field, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon in 1996. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of different additives(control, formic acid, molasses, inoculant A and inoculant B). Crude protein(CP) and Nitrogen free extract(NFE) content of alfalfa silage with additives were higher compared with those obtained control, but Crude ash(CA) and Crude fiber(CF) content of control(11.5 and 39.6%) were higher than those of additive treated plots. ADF and NDF contents of control silage were the highest as 36.2 and 48.6%, respectively, and increased by 4% compared with those obtained before ensiling. The acidity(pH) of control was the highest(5.45), but the lowest in inoculant A(4.32). Inoculant teratment significantly reduced acidity of silage compared with control. DM content of control silage was the lowest but DM loss of control silage was higher than that of additive treated silage. Ammonia-N content was the highest at formic acid treatment and level of Lactobacillus was decreased at control and formic acid treated silage. Total organic acid and lactic acid content of inoculant A and inoculant B were higher than those of other treated plots. The results of this study indicate that the treatment of LAB(Lactic acid bacteria) could be recommended as producing high quality of alfalfa silage.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to increase aromatics in roots of Condonopsis lanceolata by applications of organic matters. Fresh root wt. was increased by conifer/moss application to 79.1g per plant. Crude protein content was also higher at rice straw application than native soil application and crude saponin content was increased by conifer/moss application, but contents of crude fat, fiber and ash were not different in all treatments. Although contents of K, Ca, and Mg were increased by rice straw application, Fe, Mn, Zn, Na and Cu were not significantly different in all treatments, The highest free amino acid was arginine, it was increased by the application of fallen leaves and the highest yield (0,008%) of essential oils was obtained by conifer/moss application. As a result, to produce C. lanceolata plant showing higher quality and aromatic essential oils, it was considered that the most effective organic matter showing high yield and higher aromatic constituents was conifer/moss application of over 3M/T per 10a.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.980-989
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• 2016

In the present study, we compared and investigated the nutritional compositions of Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus baby-leaves cultivated in Korea. Baby-leaves of two amaranthes consisted of more than 92% moisture, and A. cruentus contained a higher amount of moisture than A. hypochondriacus. Meanwhile, A. hypochondriacus contained higher levels of crude ash, crude protein, crude lipid, carbohydrates, and dietary fiber than A. cruentus. The major free sugars of the two amaranth baby-leaves were fructose and glucose. Fructose content of A. hypochondriacus was higher than that of A. cruentus, and glucose content of A. cruentus was higher than that of A. hypochondriacus. Acetic acid, malic acid, and fumaric acid were detected in two amaranth leaves, but succinic acid was not detected. Two amaranth leaves contained 17 amino acids except for methionine, proline, and tyrosine, and leaves contained the highest glutamic acid contents. In addition, A. cruentus and A. hypochondriacus leaves contained high contents of taurine and ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid and showed various biological activities. The major mineral and fatty acid of the two amaranth leaves were potassium and linolenic acid (C18:3), respectively. The ${\beta}$-carotene contents of A. cruentus and A. hypochondriacus leaves were $478.72{\mu}g/100g$ and $474.12{\mu}g/100g$, respectively. In vitamin B complex, $B_2$, $B_3$, and $B_5$ were detected in the two amaranth leaves whereas vitamins $B_1$, $B_6$, and $B_{12}$ were not detected. A. hypochondriacus contained higher amounts of vitamin C and E than those of A. cruentus. Overall, amaranth leaves contained high amounts of nutritional components. Therefore, amaranth leaves are expected to be useful for the development of a functional food. Moreover, these results will provide fundamental data for advancing sitological value, breeding new cultivars, and promoting leafy vegetable usage.