• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1167-1179
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to fathom the underlying mechanisms of nutrition intervention and redox sensitive transcription factors regulated by Antrodia cinnamomea fermented product (FAC) dietary supplementation in broiler chickens. Methods: Four hundreds d-old broilers (41±0.5 g/bird) assigned to 5 groups were examined after consuming control diet, or control diet replaced with 5% wheat bran (WB), 10% WB, 5% FAC, and 10% FAC. Liver mRNA expression of antioxidant, inflammatory and lipid metabolism pathways were analyzed. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) concentration in each group were tested in the chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (cPBMCs) of 35-d old broilers to represent the stress level of the chickens. Furthermore, these cells were stimulated with 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to evaluate the cell stress tolerance by measuring cell viability and oxidative species. Results: Heme oxygenase-1, glutathione S-transferase, glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit, and superoxide dismutase, and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) that regulates the above antioxidant genes were all up-regulated significantly in FAC groups. Reactive oxygen species modulator protein 1 and NADPH oxygenase 1 were both rather down-regulated in 10% FAC group as comparison with two WB groups. Despite expressing higher level than control group, birds receiving diet containing FAC had significantly lower expression level in nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and other genes (inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-richcontaining family, pyrin domain-containing-3, and cyclooxygenase 2) involving in inflammatory pathways. Additionally, except for 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase that showed relatively higher in both groups, the WB, lipoprotein lipase, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, fatty acid binding protein, fatty acid desaturase 2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha genes were expressed at higher levels in 10% FAC group. In support of above results, promoted Nrf2 and inhibited NF-κB nuclear translocation in chicken liver were found in FAC containing groups. H₂O₂ and NO levels induced by LPS and AAPH in cPBMCs were compromised in FAC containing diet. In 35-d-old birds, PGE₂ production in cPBMCs was also suppressed by the FAC diet. Conclusion: FAC may promote Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and positively regulate lipid metabolism, both are potential inhibitor of NF-κB inflammatory pathway.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.68-77
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• 2005

The purpose of a spatial audio system is to give a listener an impression as if he were present in a recorded environment when its sound is reproduced. For this purpose a dummy head microphone is generally used. Because of its human-like shape, dummy head microphone can reproduce spatial images through headphone reproduction. However, its shape and size are restriction to public use and it is difficult to convert the output signal of dummy head microphone into a multi-channel signal for multi-channel environment. So, in this paper, we propose a multi-channel 3D microphone technology. The multi-channel 3D microphone acquire a spatial audio using five microphones around a horizontal plane of a rigid sphere and through post processing, it can reproduce various reproduction signals for headphone, stereo, stereo dipole, 4ch and 5ch reproduction environments. Because of complex computation, we implemented H/W based post processing system. To verily the Performance of the multi-channel 3D microphone, localization experiments were Performed. The result shows that a front/back confusion, which is the one of common limitations of conventional dummy head technology, can be reduced dramatically.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.465-471
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• 2013

A steam generator in nuclear power plant is a heatexchager which is used to convert water into steam from heat produced in a nuclear reactor core, and the steam produced in steam generator is delivered to the turbine to generate electricity. Because of damage to steam generator tubing may impair its ability to adequately perform required safety functions in terms of both structural integrity and leakage integrity, eddy current testing is periodically performed to evaluate the integrity of tubes in steam generator. This assessment is normally performed during a reactor refueling outage. Currently, the eddy current testing for steam generator of nuclear power plant in Korea is performed in accordance with KEPIC & ASME Code requirements, the eddy current testing system is consists of remote data acquisition unit and data analysis program to evaluate the acquired data. The KEPIC & ASME Code require that the electrical properties of remote data acquisition unit, such as total harmonic distortion, input & output impedance, amplifier linearity & stability, phase linearity, bandwidth & demodulation filter response, analog-to-digital conversion, and channel crosstalk shall be measured in accordance with the KEPIC & ASME Code requirements. In this paper, the measurement requirements of electrical properties for eddy current testing instrument described in KEPIC & ASME Code are presented, and the measurement results of newly developed eddy current testing instrument by KHNP(Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., LTD) are presented.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.277-284
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• 2013

The analysis of phase synchronization characteristics from EEG signals is important for the understanding of information processing functionality in the brain network. In this paper, wavelet transformation(WT), Hilbert tansformation (HT), complex demodulation (CD) methods having time localization characteristics were applied to real evoked potential data and noise added simulation data with center frequencies corresponding to EEG bands for the estimation performance analysis of phase offset, phase changing point, and interband crosstalk. The WT is the best both in ${\delta}$, ${\theta}$, and ${\alpha}$ band signal decomposition, and in analyzing phase synchronization performance. The CD can be efficiently used in changing point detection under tolerant noise condition because of its abrupt performance degradation over noise endurance level. From experimental observations, the WT is the most suitable in phase synchronization application of EEG signal, and the CD can be affordable in restricted application such as changing point detection for higher bands than ${\delta}$. Particularly, WT and CD can be used to detect the changing instant of brain function by indirectly estimating the phase changing point.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.28 no.1C
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• pp.1-8
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• 2003

In this paper, performance of the CPC(complex phase code) which is recently proposed as a practical phase encoding method for phase-code multiplexes holographic memory system is comparatively analyzed with those of the conventional phase codes such as PR(pure random code), RCE(random code with equality), WHM(Walsh Hadamard Matrix). In computer simulation, the size of an address bean is fixed at 32$\times$32 pixels and 0%-25% phase-error ratio in a pixel are intentionally added to the real phase values to consider the nonlinear phase-modulation characteristics of the practical spatial light modulator. From comparative analysis of crosstalks and signal-to-noise ratios for these phase codes by calculating auto-correlation and cross-correlation, it is found that the CPC have the lowest cross-correlation mean value of 0.021, the lowest standard deviation of 0.0113 and the highest signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) of 27.4 among the four types of phase code. In addition, from the calculation of the number of all possible address beams for these four types of phase code as the size of the address beam is fixed to 3232 pixels, the CPC is found to have 6.334$\times$10$^{49}$ address beams, which are relatively higher number than that of the conventional phase codes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 1998.02a
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• pp.77-77
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• 1998

Present silicon dioxide (SiOz) 떠m as intennetal dielectridIMD) layers will result in high parasitic c capacitance and crosstalk interference in 비gh density devices. Low dielectric materials such as f f1uorina뼈 silicon oxide(SiOF) and f1uoropolymer IMD layers have been tried to s이ve this problem. I In the SiOF ftlm, as fluorine concentration increases the dielectric constant of t뼈 film decreases but i it becomes unstable and wa않r absorptivity increases. The dielectric constant above 3.0 is obtain어 i in these ftlms. Fluoropolymers such as polyte$\sigma$따luoroethylene(PTFE) are known as low dielectric c constant (>2.0) materials. However, their $\alpha$)Or thermal stability and low adhesive fa$\pi$e have h hindered 야1리ru뚱 as IMD ma따"ials. 1 The concept of a plasma processing a찌Jaratus with 비gh density plasma at low pressure has r received much attention for deposition because films made in these plasma reactors have many a advantages such as go여 film quality and gap filling profile. High ion flux with low ion energy in m the high density plasma make the low contamination and go어 $\sigma$'Oss피lked ftlm. Especially the h helicon plasma reactor have attractive features for ftlm deposition 야~au똥 of i앙 high density plasma p production compared with other conventional type plasma soun:es. I In this pa야Jr, we present the results on the low dielectric constant fluorocarbonated-SiOF film d밑JOsited on p-Si(loo) 5 inch silicon substrates with 00% of 0dFTES gas mixture and 20% of Ar g gas in a helicon plasma reactor. High density 띠asma is generated in the conventional helicon p plasma soun:e with Nagoya type ill antenna, 5-15 MHz and 1 kW RF power, 700 Gauss of m magnetic field, and 1.5 mTorr of pressure. The electron density and temperature of the 0dFTES d discharge are measUI벼 by Langmuir probe. The relative density of radicals are measured by optic허 e emission spe따'Oscopy(OES). Chemical bonding structure 3I피 atomic concentration 따'C characterized u using fourier transform infrared(FTIR) s야3띠"Oscopy and X -ray photonelectron spl:’따'Oscopy (XPS). D Dielectric constant is measured using a metal insulator semiconductor (MIS;AVO.4 $\mu$ m thick f fIlmlp-SD s$\sigma$ucture. A chemical stoichiome$\sigma$y of 야Ie fluorocarbina$textsc{k}$영-SiOF film 따~si야영 at room temperature, which t the flow rate of Oz and FTES gas is Isccm and 6sccm, res야~tvely, is form려 야Ie SiouFo.36Co.14. A d dielec$\sigma$ic constant of this fIlm is 2.8, but the s$\alpha$'!Cimen at annealed 5OOt: is obtain려 3.24, and the s stepcoverage in the 0.4 $\mu$ m and 0.5 $\mu$ m pattern 킹'C above 92% and 91% without void, res야~tively. res야~tively.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.716-725
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• 2002

In this paper, we showed the applicability of power symmetric MSSI(Mid-Span Spectral Inversion) to the long-haul WDM system with the channel interference due to FWM(Four Wave Mixing). And we showed the degree of performance improvement. We used 1 dB EOP(Eye-Opening Penalty) criterion so as to evaluate the degree of compensation dependent on the variation of chirp parameter of optical pulse for the various input power in high speed tansmission system. And we evaluated the maximum input power of channel be able to be the signal to crosstalk noise (SNR) above 20 dB in the transmission link with the channel interference due to FWM. Consequently the proposed MSSI compensation method is capable to transmitting the total 68 WDM channels simultaneously with a 0.4 nm channel spacing and 5.3 dBm maximum input power in a 10 Gbps transmission link. Therefore the proposed power symmetric MSSI compensation method may be very useful for the implementation of long-haul wideband WDM transmission systems with relatively high power and improved performance.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.173-178
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• 2011

Tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF{\alpha}$) is a multifunctional cytokine that is elevated in inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. Recent evidence has suggested that ${\beta}2$ adrenergic receptor (${\beta}2AR$) activation in osteoblasts suppresses osteogenic activity. In the present study, we explored whether $TNF{\alpha}$ modulates ${\beta}AR$ expression in osteoblastic cells and whether this regulation is associated with the inhibition of osteoblast differentiation by $TNF{\alpha}$. In the experiments, we used C2C12 cells, MC3T3-E1 cells and primary cultured mouse bone marrow stromal cells. Among the three subtypes of ${\beta}AR$, ${\beta}2$ and ${\beta}3AR$ were found in our analysis to be upregulated by $TNF{\alpha}$. Moreover, isoproterenol-induced cAMP production was observed to be significantly enhanced in $TNF{\alpha}$-primed C2C12 cells, indicating that $TNF{\alpha}$ enhances ${\beta}2AR$ signaling in osteoblasts. $TNF{\alpha}$ was further found in C2C12 cells to suppress bone morphogenetic protein 2-induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the expression of osteogenic marker genes including Runx2, ALP and osteocalcin. Propranolol, a ${\beta}2AR$ antagonist, attenuated this $TNF{\alpha}$ suppression of osteogenic differentiation. $TNF{\alpha}$ increased the expression of receptor activator of NF-${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL), an essential osteoclastogenic factor, in C2C12 cells which was again blocked by propranolol. In summary, our data show that $TNF{\alpha}$ increases ${\beta}2AR$ expression in osteoblasts and that a blockade of ${\beta}2AR$ attenuates the suppression of osteogenic differentiation and stimulation of RANKL expression by $TNF{\alpha}$. These findings imply that a crosstalk between $TNF{\alpha}$ and ${\beta}2AR$ signaling pathways might occur in osteoblasts to modulate their function.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.454-464
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• 2018

Crosstalk between G-protein signaling and glutamatergic transmission within the brain reward circuits is critical for long-term emotional effects (depression and anxiety), cravings, and negative withdrawal symptoms associated with opioid addiction. A previous study showed that Regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (RGS4) may be implicated in opiate action in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). However, the mechanism of the NAc-specific RGS4 actions that induce the behavioral responses to opiates remains largely unknown. The present study used a short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knock-down of RGS4 in the NAc of the mouse brain to investigate the relationship between the activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors and RGS4 in the NAc during morphine reward. Additionally, the shRNA-mediated RGS4 knock-down was implemented in NAc/striatal primary-cultured neurons to investigate the role that striatal neurons have in the morphine-induced activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors. The results of this study show that the NAc-specific knock-down of RGS4 significantly increased the behaviors associated with morphine and did so by phosphorylation of the GluR1 (Ser831) and NR2A (Tyr1325) glutamate receptors in the NAc. Furthermore, the knock-down of RGS4 enhanced the phosphorylation of the GluR1 and NR2A glutamate receptors in the primary NAc/striatal neurons during spontaneous morphine withdrawal. These findings show a novel molecular mechanism of RGS4 in glutamatergic transmission that underlies the negative symptoms associated with morphine administration.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.37-43
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• 1999

Modules of the system that requires large capacity and high-speed information processing are implemented in the form of MCM that allows high-speed data processing, high density circuit integration and widely applied to such fields as ATM, GPS and PCS. Hence we developed the ATM switching module that is consisted of three chips and 2.48 Gbps data throughput, in the form of 10 multi-layer by Cu/Photo-BCB and 491pin PBGA which size is $48 \times 48 \textrm {mm}^2$. hnologies required for the development of the MCM includes extracting parameters for designing the substrate/package through the interconnect characterization to implement the high-speed characteristics, thermal management at the high-density MCM, and the generation of the testability that is one of the most difficult issues for developing the MCM. For the development of the ATM Switching MCM, we extracted signaling delay, via characteristics and crosstalk parameters through the interconnect characterization on the MCM-D. For the thermal management of 15.6 Watt under the high-density structure, we carried out the thermal analysis. formed 1.108 thermal vias through the substrate, and performed heat-proofing processing for the entire package so that it can keep the temperature less than $85^{\circ}C$. Lastly, in order to ensure the testability, we verified the substrate through fine pitch probing and applied the Boundary Scan Test (BST) for verifying the complex packaging/assembling processes, through which we developed an efficient and cost-effective product.