• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.173-180
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• 2019

Objectives : Loneliness is associated with negative mental and physical health. However, little is known about the risk factors of loneliness in the Korean elderly living alone. The aim of this study was to examine sociodemographic and social network related risks for loneliness among the elderly living alone. Methods : This is a cross-sectional study that enrolled 1,091 subjects who are the community-residing elderly living alone. Sociodemographic status, medical condition, cognition, mood disorder and levels of loneliness were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and a specific semi-structured interview conducted by a trained nurse. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data regarding sociodemographic variable and loneliness. Univariate and Multivariate regression analyses were applied to examine factors associated with loneliness. Results : The mean score of loneliness was 3.8 (SD=1.7). No family contact (standardized β=0.115, p<0.001), no religious attendance (standardized β=0.057, p=0.028), no gathering with friends (standardized β=0.088, p=0.001) and high score of Short for of Geriatric Depression Scale (standardized β=0.502, p<0.001) were significantly associated with high loneliness in the elderly living alone. Conclusions : Family function, social network and depressive mood could be significant risk factors for high loneliness in the elderly living alone. Public health promotion efforts to reduce loneliness should focus on improving family function, social network and decreasing depression.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.413-421
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze the patterns and the interrelationships for meeting guidelines of three health behaviors including physical activity(PA), sedentary behavior(SB), and dietary behavior(DB) for Korean adolescents using 2007 KYRBS(Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey) data. A cross-sectional design was used to assess 73392 middle-high school students. PA(moderate physical activity${\geqq}$5times/week, or vigorous ${\geqq}$3times/week), SB(watching TV, computer, DVD, video, etc. < 3 hr/day), and DB(servings of fruits ${\geqq}$1 times/day, or vegetables ${\geqq}$ 3 times/day) were categorized into two levels (meeting guidelines or not). Chi-squared tests were conducted to compare the prevalence of students not meeting these three health behaviors between boys and girls, and logistic linear regression was used to determine the interrelationships of three health behaviors. Students meeting guidelines for PA, SB, and DB were 31.0%(boys 42.6%, girls 18.0%), 74.7%(boys 75.4%, girls 74.0%), and 38.5%(boys 38.6%, girls 38.4%), respectively. In addition, there were significant differences between both genders for PA and SB (PA; $x^2(1)$=35175.11, p<.0001, SB; $x^2(1)$=19.44, p<.0001). Only 10.9% of students met all three guidelines and 12.4% did not meet all three. Pattern that simultaneously did not meet PA and DB were high in both boys(27.1%) and girls(37.2%). Students who did not meet DB were at greater risk of not meeting PA(Boys; OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.43 to 1.55, Girls; OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.34 to 1.50), and not meeting SB(Boys; OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.34 to 1.48, Girls; OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.43) compared with students who met DB. The findings of this study supported further evidence for the need of a multiple behavior approach considering gender and interrelationships among three behaviors.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.604-616
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• 2001

This study was to investigate weight-control experience disorder and nutrient intake of college student attending web class via the internet. The subject were 1200 college students(392 male, 808 female) attending web class concerned with nutrition and weight control. This cross-sectional survey was conducted by self-administered questionnaire and data were analyzed by Students t-test and $\chi$$^2$-test. Nutrient intake collected from 3 day-recalls were analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program. Mean height, weight and RBW(relative body weight) of the male college students were 174.7 cm, 68.0 kg and 101.2%, respectively. Mean height, weight and RBW of the female college students were 162.3% cm, 52.7% kg and 95.3% respectively. Among the male college students, low weight were 1.0%, underweight were 12.8%, overweight were 12.5%, obese were 6.9% by RBW standard. Among the female college students, low weight were 5.1%, underweight 30.2%, overweight were 5.2%, obese were 1.5% by RBW standard. Percentages of weight control experience were 21.7% and 67.0% in the male and female college students, respectively. According to RBW, 22.4% of the weight control experience group were low weight or underweight in the female college students but none of weight control experience group were low weight or underweight in the male college students. Percentage of eating disorder were 6.8%(2.8%, male, 8.7% female) in the college students. Among the female college students, most nutrient intakes were significantly lower in the weight-control experienced group compared to the weight-control nonexperienced group. Among the male college students, there was a tendency that the intake of nutrients, except carbohydrate, calcium and vitamin A was higher in the eating disorder group compared to the non-eating disorder group. However, among the female college students, there was a tendency that the intake of nutrients, except calcium and thiamin was lower in the eating disorder group compared to the non-eating disorder group. Therefore, nutrition education via the internet is required for college students to know proper weight loss methods, desirable eating habits and eating disorder problem well.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.537-549
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was conducted to examine blood pressure and other characteristics of a high sodium intake group assessed with 24-hr urine analysis and the dietary factors related to the risk of high sodium intake among Korean adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with adults aged 20-59 years. Subjects who completed 24-hr urine collection (N = 205) were divided into 3 groups (tertile) according to the sodium intake estimated with 24-hour urine analysis. We compared the blood pressure, BMI and dietary related factors of the 3 groups (low, medium, high sodium intake group) with General Linear Model (GLM) and Duncan's multiple range test (p < 0.05). The risk factors related to high sodium intake were assessed with odds ratio (p < 0.05). Results: The sodium intake (mg/day) of the 3 groups were $3359.8{\pm}627.9$, $4900.3{\pm}395.1$ and $6770.6{\pm}873.9$, respectively, corresponding to daily salt intake (g/day) 8.5, 12.4 and 17.2, respectively. High sodium group showed significantly elevated age, BMI and systolic/diastolic blood pressure. Being male gender was associated with significantly increased risk of sodium intake (OR = 1.972; 95%CI: 1.083-3.593). The other factors related to high sodium intake were higher BMI (${\leq}25$) (OR = 2.619; 95% CI: 1.368-5.015), current alcohol consumption (OR = 1.943; 95%CI: 1.060-3.564), and having salty soybean paste with salt percentage > 14% (OR = 3.99; 95% CI: 1.404-6.841). The dietary attitude related to increased risk of high sodium intake included 'enjoy dried fish and salted mackerel' (p < 0.001) and 'eat all broth of soup, stew or noodle' (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Because high sodium intake was associated with higher blood pressure, nutrition education should focus on alcohol consumption, emphasis on related dietary factors such as using low salt soybean paste, improvements in the habit of eating dried fish and salted mackerel or eating all broth of soup, stew or noodle.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.969-978
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to examine the expected role and competency of future public health dental hygienist. Methods: This study was cross-sectional design. One dental hygienist per 16 cities and provinces was selected from the list of Korea Society of public dental hygienists. After signing in the informed consent, the interview was carried out. Transcripts were made after each interview. Six researchers recorded meaningful contents in the transcripts. They classified and integrated the information that they had recorded commonly or not. Their opinions were converged by conference. Two supervisors verified results whether they were derived from actual recordings for the reliability of the results. The records were confirmed once again and corrected into common message. Results: The main difficult subjects in public health official examination were public health, English, and medical legislation to pass the examine. The preliminary certificates included public health related certificate, computer certificate, and driver's license. In the personality aspect, creativity, activeness, cooperation and good responsibility were very important trait to public health official. Among 16 interviews, 9 were positive and 5 were negative about the future prospects of a public dental hygienist. Conclusions: The future of public health dental hygienist will be positive. Throughout effort to prepare for the public health official, the public health dental hygienist will be expanded and in many ways the dental hygienists will take the charge of the important parts of the public health administration in the near future.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.30 no.4 s.59
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• pp.729-740
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• 1997

To determine the relationship between hypertension and nutrient intake cross-sectional study were performed in a rural area. Adult resident over 30-year-old age were measured blood pressure and body mass index(BMI), and interviewed about food in-take for the previous 24 hours. 250 men and 297 women participated the survey. Significant correlation was showen in men between mean systolic blood pressure and protein density. Significant correlation with mean diastolic blood pressure was showen on protein density, protein energy(%), calcium density and energy-adjusted protein in men. We analysed risk factor for hypertension adjust the effect of age, BMI, sex and family history by multiple logistic regression. Protein density(odds ratio=3.18), fat density(odds ratio=1.94) and energy-adjusted protein(odds ratio=1.01) intake were positively associated with hypertension but sodium density(odds ratio=0.73) was showen to have inverse relationship.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.322-330
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• 2016

Purpose: This study investigated long-term care hospital nurses' knowledge and practice of pain management and their attitudes towards the job with an ultimate aim to provide fundamental information for development of a pain education program. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out with 120 nurses from four long-term care hospitals. Nurses' knowledge of and attitudes towards pain management was measured using a tool developed by Watt-Watson. To examine their pain management practice, an instrument was developed based on the pain management guidelines used by the long-term care settings. Results: For pain management knowledge, the participants gave an average of 26.2 (${\pm}13.10$) correct answers out of 40 questions. The most frequently missed question was one about subjectivity of pain, "Patients' physiological and behavioral reactions to pain hint at the presence and intensity of pain" (89.2%), and 56.7% of the nurses believed that increasing tolerance for a narcotic analgesic means addiction. Regarding attitudes towards and practice of pain management, 80.2% of the nurses used placebos to patients who complain about pain often. Conclusion: This study revealed poor level of pain management knowledge of and attitude among long-term care hospital nurses. This might negatively affect their pain management practice. From the educational perspective, nurses should be provided with education on pain management education with emphasis on the nature of pain and misuse of placebo drugs.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.374-381
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• 2017

The LAP (lipid accumulation product) index is an indicator of excessive fat accumulation in combination with the fasting triglyceride concentration and waist circumference. This study examined the relationship between the LAP index and ALT (alanine aminotransferase) level and the effect of the LAP index on the ALT level. Cross-sectional studies were conducted on healthy adult males without a history of liver disease. From January 2015 to June 2017, 13,854 adults between 20 and 70 years of age, who underwent health screening at a general hospital in Gyeonggi-do, were enrolled in this study. The LAP index was calculated as [waist circumference (cm)-65]${\times}$[triglyceride (mmol/L)] for males. Serum ALT abnormalities were set at 40 IU/L or more in males. All subjects underwent measurements of the anthropometric indicators and physiological examinations. A significant increase in ALT with increasing LAP quintiles was observed (p<0.001). The LAP index correlated with ALT (r=0.238, p<0.001). Insulin (r=0.449, p<0.001) and HDL-cholesterol (r=-0.369, p<0.001) were strongly correlated with LAP. In addition, the LAP index is a factor affecting the ALT level (p<0.001). As the LAP index increased, the risk of an elevated ALT was higher (p<0.001). In conclusion, the LAP index was a predictor of an ALT elevation in Korean men.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.39-46
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• 2013

Purpose: Non-invasive blood pressure measurement is widely used as a pre-hospital triage tool for blunt trauma patients. However, scant data exits for using the mean arterial pressure (MAP), compared to the systolic blood pressure, as a guiding index. The aim of this study was to determine the association between adverse outcomes and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and to exhibit the therapeutic range of the MAP in adult blunt trauma patients. Methods: The electronic medical records for all trauma patients in a single hospital from January 2010 to September 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients below 17 years of age, patients with penetrating injuries, and patients with serious head trauma (injuries containing any skull fractures or any intracranial hemorrhages) were excluded. Adverse outcomes were defined as one of the following: death in the Emergency Department (ED), admission via operating theater, admission to the intensive care unit, transfer to another hospital for emergency surgery, or discharge as hopeless. Results: There were 14,537 patients who met entry criteria. Adverse outcomes occurred for MAPs in range from 90 to 120 mmHg. Adverse outcomes were found, after adjusting for confounding variables, to occur increasingly as the MAP declined below 90 mmHg or rose above 120 mmHg. Conclusion: Not only lower but also higher mean arterial pressure is associated with increased adverse outcomes in adult blunt trauma patients. Thus, patients with a MAP above 120 mmHg should be considered as a special group requiring higher medical attention, just as those with a MAP below 90 mmHg are.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.2285-2290
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• 2012

This study is about atherosclerosis which occupies the highest rate in many diseases people have and we have studied about atherosclerosis for abdominal aorta. Atherosclerosis is the phenomenon which blood vessel gets narrower, harder and thicker due to the stenosis of colesterol in blood vessel. If it becomes worse, arteries will be hard and blood can't flow smoothly, and even it can reach to death. In this study, the geometric models of the considered stenotic blood flow are two different types of constriction of cross-sectional area of blood vessel; 20 and 45% of constriction in each elastic wall and rigid wall. We have modeled by using finite element method to observe the changes of velocity and pressure. In case of the diameter of blood vessel decreased 45% in elastic wall model, the values of velocity and pressure were higher than the case of 20% and in case of the diameter of blood vessel decreased 45% in rigid wall model, the values of velocity and pressure were higher than the case of 20%. In cases of elastic wall models of the diameters of blood vessels decreased each of 20% and 45%, recirculation zones appeared. This results show understanding of hemodynamic properties depending on stenosed blood vessels.