• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2022

Purpose: The impact of prolonged sitting in a cross-legged posture on physiological factors has not been extensively studied. We therefore attempted to evaluate whether prolonged sitting in a cross-legged posture affects pulmonary function in normal young adults. Methods: Twenty-four participants were recruited in this study, and the participants were equally allocated to the normal sitting posture group (NSP group, n=12) or sitting posture with the cross-legs group (SPCL group, n=12). The NSP group sat on chairs without crossing their legs for 30 minutes, and the SPCL group sat on the chair with legs crossed (the right knee on the left knee or the left knee on the right knee) for 30 minutes. The pulmonary function of the subjects was evaluated based on forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FVC/FEV1, and peak expiratory flow (PEF) measured using a spirometer. Results: In the intra-group comparison, the SPCL group showed significant differences in FVC and FEV1 before and after sitting (p<0.05), but no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in the NSP group. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the pulmonary function parameters measured before and after sitting (p>0.05). Conclusion: Our results confirmed that prolonged sitting in a cross-legged posture could have a negative influence on pulmonary function. Therefore, if a sitting position is maintained for a long time, the correct sitting posture should be maintained to prevent musculoskeletal disorders as well as to maintain normal pulmonary function.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinematic and kinetic changes that may occur in the pelvic and spine regions during cross-legged sitting postures. Experiments were performed on sixteen healthy subjects. Data were collected while the subject sat in 4 different sitting postures for 5 seconds: uncrossed sitting with both feet on the floor (Posture A), sitting while placing his right knee on the left knee (Posture B), sitting by placing right ankle on left knee (Posture C), and sitting by placing right ankle over the left ankle (Posture D). The order of the sitting posture was random. The sagittal plane angles (pelvic tilt, lumbar A-P curve, thoracic A-P curve) and the frontal plane angles (pelvic obliquity, lumber lateral curves, thoracic lateral curves) were obtained using VICON system with 6 cameras and analyzed with Nexus software. The pressure on each buttock was measured using Tekscan. Repeated one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the angle and pressure across the four postures. The Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to determine the differences between upright trunk sitting and cross-legged postures. In sagittal plane, cross-legged sitting postures showed significantly greater kyphotic curves in lumbar and thoracic spine when compared uncrossed sitting posture. Also, pelvic posterior tilting was greater in cross-legged postures. In frontal plane, only height of the right pelvic was significantly higher in Posture B than in Posture A. Finally, in Posture B, the pressure on the right buttock area was greater than Posture A and, in Posture C, the pressure on the left buttock area was greater than Posture A. However, all dependent variables in both planes did not demonstrate any significant difference among the three cross-legged postures (p>.05). The findings suggest that asymmetric changes in the pelvic and spine region secondary to the prolonged cross-legged sitting postures may cause lower back pain and deformities in the spine structures.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.80-86
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• 2008

Cross-legged sitting postures are commonly assumed during computer work. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of leg crossing on trunk muscle activity while typing at a computer. Trunk muscle activity was measured in three 8 different sitting postures, in random order. These posture were: normal sitting with a straight trunk and both feet on the floor (NS), upper leg crossing (ULC), and ankle on knee (AOK). The right leg was crossed onto the left leg in both cross-legged postures. Twenty able-bodied male volunteers participated in this study. Subjects typed on a computer keyboard for one minute. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to record bilateral muscle activity in the external oblique (EO). internal oblique (IO), and rectus abdominis (RA). The EMG activity of each muscle in the NS posture was used as a reference (100% EMG activity) in relation to the two cross-legged postures. Muscle activity in the right EO. right IO, and left IO was significantly lower in the ULC posture than in the NS posture. In contrast, muscle activity in the right RA was significantly higher in the ULC posture than in the NS posture. Muscle activity in the tight RA was significantly higher in the AOK posture, as compared to the NS posture, whereas activity in the left IO was significantly lower in the AOK posture, as compared to the NS posture. The right-left muscle activity ratios in the EO and IO showed significantly different patterns in the cross-legged postures, suggesting that asymmetrical right-left oblique muscle activity had occurred.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.255-266
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• 2022

Purpose: This study sought to study the effects of cross-legged sitting posture on joint motion. It also examined the correlation between the changes in the joint range of motion, musculoskeletal symptoms, and facial asymmetry. Methods: The Acumar Digital Inclinometer (Lafayette Instrument Company, USA) was used to measure the range of motion (ROM). We measured the flexion and extension of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine using a dual inclinometer, and measured the ROM of the shoulder and hip joint with a single inclinometer. The Likert scale questionnaire was used to investigate musculoskeletal symptoms and facial asymmetry. Results: The data analysis was performed using the Jamovi version 1.6.23 statistical software. After confirming the normality of the ROM with descriptive statistics, it was compared with the normal ROM through a one-sample t-test. Correlation matrix analysis was performed to confirm the association between facial asymmetry and musculoskeletal symptoms. The result of the one-sample t-test showed a significant increase in the thoracic spine extension and right and left hip external rotation (p<0.001^***), while most other joints were restricted. As per the frequency analysis, facial asymmetry was found to be 81.70%. Conclusion: The independent variable, namely cross-legged sitting posture led to an increase in ROM. The study also suggests that facial asymmetry and musculoskeletal symptoms could occur. Therefore, to prevent the increase and limitation of ROM and to prevent the occurrence of facial asymmetry and musculoskeletal symptoms, it is suggested that the usual cross-legged sitting posture should be avoided.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.168-177
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• 2021

Purpose: This study applies the ICF to identify the patient's body function, structure, and participation, evaluates the patient's environmental factors and individual factors, and is a high level of movement to return to the society of patients with multiple ligament injury of the knee joint. Methods: Progressive strength training and ROM exercise were performed 30 minutes a day, 5 times a week for 6 weeks. The evaluation was performed by examining the ROM, length, MMT, instability, dynamic balance, pain and depression. Results: The ROM of the knee joint was improved from 110° to 135° after intervention, and the knee flexion length decreased from 69 cm to 45 cm. Knee flexor is Good after intervention from Poor-, and knee extensor is Good+ after intervention from Poor, and the plantar flexor of the ankle joint improved from Poor- before intervention to Good after intervention and dorsi-flexor of the ankle joint improve to Good from Poor. Pain index was moderate before and after the intervention, with a score of 3, 2 after the intervention, and when maintaining the sitting cross-legged, the before intervention score was 7 to 4 after the intervention. Conclusion: The patient's posture of sitting cross-legged was maintained from 30 seconds before intervention to 14 minutes after intervention. These results were able to set the hypothesis design, intervention method and goal that the multifaceted approach of environment and individual factors as well as body function and structure area, activity and participation area using ICF checklists, it is helped the patient to return to daily life.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.35-39
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• 2016

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine changes in the neck flexion angle according to posture while using a smartphone and the duration of smartphone usage. METHODS: The subjects in this study were 16 healthy young students in their 20s. The subjects wore a cervical range of motion instrument. They were instructed to use a smartphone while standing, sitting on a chair, and sitting on the floor. In all postures, they could use the smartphone and use their arms freely while keeping their back connected to the wall or the back of the chair. When sitting on the floor, they assumed a cross-legged position. The neck flexion angle was measured at zero, three, six, and nine minutes for each posture. RESULTS: Neck flexion is affected by the posture while using a smartphone (p<.05). Neck flexion in the standing position is larger than that in the sitting on the floor position. Neck flexion was affected by smartphone usage duration (p<.05). In general, as usage time increases, the neck flexion angle increases as well. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that using smartphone in the standing position and for a short period of time is a method to reduce the neck flexion angle.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.261-265
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• 2002

To propose a basic material that can improve the crumples in the knee area and can be applied as an element of garment design, the present study examined the elongation rates of the samples by differentiating the number of cutting lines according to the direction of the fabric, and then determined the puckering phenomenon by judging the conditions of the seams based on the looks of seam lines after bi-axil elongation. After the subjective evaluation on the knee areas of both the standard and modified trousers, the following conclusion was drawn : The elongation rates of the samples are: warp (3.98%)cross-legged (-0.2)>squatting down (-0.4); those in the modified trousers feel more comfortable when sitting on a chair (0.2)>cross-legged (0)>squatting down (-0.6). In the cross-legged posture, the modified trousers (0) has higher scores in the subjective evaluation than the standard ones (-0.2). The evaluation on the looks of needleworks in the samples with cutting lines along the direction of the fabric: weft2 (5.0)

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.65 no.9
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• pp.1557-1563
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• 2016

According to recent studies, poor sitting posture of the spine has been shown to lead to a variety of spinal disorders. For this reason, it is important to measure the sitting posture. We proposed a strategy for classification of sitting posture using machine learning. We retrieved acceleration data from single tri-axial accelerometer attached on the back of the subject's neck in 5-types of sitting posture. 6 subjects without any spinal disorder were participated in this experiment. Acceleration data were transformed to the feature vectors of principle component analysis. Support vector machine (SVM) and K-means clustering were used to classify sitting posture with the transformed feature vectors. To evaluate performance, we calculated the correct rate for each classification strategy. Although the correct rate of SVM in sitting back arch was lower than that of K-means clustering by 2.0%, SVM's correct rate was higher by 1.3%, 5.2%, 16.6%, 7.1% in a normal posture, sitting front arch, sitting cross-legged, sitting leaning right, respectively. In conclusion, the overall correction rates were 94.5% and 88.84% in SVM and K-means clustering respectively, which means that SVM have more advantage than K-means method for classification of sitting posture.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.269-273
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• 2013

Objective : Posture induced common peroneal nerve (CPN) palsy is usually produced during the prolonged squatting or habitual leg crossing while seated, especially in Asian culture and is manifested by the onset of foot drop. Because of its similarity to discogenic foot drop, patients may be diagnosed with a lumbar disc disorder, and in some patients, surgeons may perform unnecessary examinations and even spine surgery. The purpose of our study is to establish the clinical characteristics and diagnostic assessment of posture induced CPN palsy. Methods : From June 2008 to June 2012, a retrospective study was performed on 26 patients diagnosed with peroneal nerve palsy in neurophysiologic study among patients experiencing foot drop after maintaining a certain posture for a long time. Results : The inducing postures were squatting (14 patients), sitting cross-legged (6 patients), lying down (4 patients), walking and driving. The mean prolonged neural injury time was 124.2 minutes. The most common clinical presentation was foot drop and the most affected sensory area was dorsum of the foot with tingling sensation (14 patients), numbness (8 patients), and burning sensation (4 patients). The clinical improvement began after a mean 6 weeks, which is not related to neural injury times. Electrophysiology evaluation was performed after 2 weeks later and showed delayed CPN nerve conduction study (NCS) in 24 patients and deep peroneal nerve in 2 patients. Conclusion : We suggest that an awareness of these clinical characteristics and diagnostic assessment methods may help clinicians make a diagnosis of posture induced CPN palsy and preclude unnecessary studies or inappropriate treatment in foot drop patients.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.350-357
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate dysmenorrhea in undergraduate students and its affecting factors. Method: The survey was conducted with 453 students at 4 nursing school in Seoul, Incheon, Chungcheongbuk and Jeollabuk Province. Data were collected from September to December 2013, and analyzed with SPSS Windows 21.0. Results: In a final model of hierarchial multiple regression, menarcheal age (${\beta}$=-0.13, p=.003), menstrual amount (${\beta}$=0.17, p=.001), stress (${\beta}$=0.18, p=.010) habit of sitting by crossing one's legs (${\beta}$=0.14, p=.003) were associated with dysmenorrhea in undergraduate students. These factors attributed to 12.0% of variance in the dysmenorrhea of undergraduate students. Conclusion: These results suggest that dysmenorrhea in undergraduate student could be influenced by habit of sitting by crossing one's legs as well as menstrual history and stress. Ultimately, intervention program including correct of cross-legged sitting postures can be effective for undergraduate students to alleviate dysmenorrhea.