• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권7호
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• pp.59-72
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• 2020

This paper examines whether lending structure can lower credit risk by employing econometric techniques of panel data for the Vietnamese banking system at the bank level used by economic sectors from 2011 to 2016. New light is being shed on assessing the impact of each industry's debt outstanding on credit risk. Adopting findings from previous studies, we assess credit risk from two different sources, including loan loss provision and non-performing loan. Moreover, we also focus on observing lending structure in many different aspects, from concentrative levels to the short-term and long-term stability levels of lending structure. The Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator was applied to analyze the relationship between concentration and banking risks. In general, the results show that lending concentration may decrease credit risk. It is interesting to observe that the Vietnamese commercial bank lending portfolios have, on average, higher levels of diversity across different sectors. In particular, the increase in hotel and restaurant lending contributes to decrease credit risk while the lending portfolios of banks in agriculture, electricity, gas and water increase credit risk. This study suggests the need for further analysis and research about portfolio risks in lending activities for maintaining efficiency and stability in the commercial banking system.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.1008-1019
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• 2020

본 연구는 학점은행제 체육학전공 학습자의 사회적지지가 전공만족 및 학습지속의향에 미치는 영향을 규명하여 학점은행제의 체육학 전공자들의 중도탈락을 방지하고 효과적인 운영 방안을 모색하고자 하는데 연구의 목적이 있다. 연구방법은 학점은행제 체육학전공에 학습자를 대상으로 서울의 학점은행제 3곳을 선정하여 총 118부(90.8%)를 유효 표본으로 사용하였다. 조사도구의 타당도와 신뢰도 검증을 위해 확인적 요인분석과 집중타당도, 판별타당도, 평균분산추출(AVE), 개념신뢰도, Cronbach's α 계수를 검증하였다. 자료처리방법은 IBM SPSS statistics 21과 IBM AMOS 21을 이용하여 빈도분석, 확인적 요인분석, 집중타당도, 판별타당도, Cronbach's α 계수 산출을 통한 신뢰도분석(reliability analysis), 상관관계분석(correlation analysis), 구조방정식모형(SEM) 검증을 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학점은행제 체육학전공 학습자의 교수의 사회적지지와 전공만족 및 학습지속의향의 관계를 분석하기 연구모형의 적합도 검증한 결과 기준을 충족하였다. 둘째, 가설 1의 검증 결과, 학점은행제 체육학전공 학습자의 교수의 사회적지지는 전공만족에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 가설 2의 검증 결과, 학점은행제 체육학전공 학습자의 교수의 사회적지지는 학습지속의향에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 가설 3의 검증 결과, 전공만족은 학습지속의향에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 기술혁신연구
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.129-149
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• 2018

기술금융은 금융당국이 금융산업 선진화, 중소기업발전을 위해 강력한 정책적 의지를 가지고 도입하여 시행하고 있는 분야이다. 이러한 배경으로 은행의 자체적인 기술평가가 2016년 9월부터 시행되었다. 기술우수기업은 기술평가과정에서 산출된 높은 기술등급으로 기존 신용등급이 상향되게 되며, 결과적으로 높아진 신용등급만큼 금융거래시 혜택을 받게 된다. 분석대상은 KEB하나은행이 2016년 9월부터 2017년 하반기까지 수행한 기술평가 대상 2,719개 업체를 분석하였다. 2016년 하반기 수행된 406개 업체에 대한 기술력평가 예비 연구에서 기존 신용등급과 산출된 기술등급을 결합한 결과, J58'출판업'의 기술신용등급은 신용등급대비 1.05등급 상향되어 상향정도가 가장 높았으며, C10'식료품 제조업'이 두 번째로 상향정도가 높았다. 이로써 기술력평가를 통한 수혜업종을 가려낼 수 있었으며, 업종별 기술 평가의 유용성을 확인할 수 있었다. 이에, 전체 수행기간동안 평가된 2,719개 업체에 대하여 기술력, 업력, 성장유망업종별 분석을 수행하였다. 분석결과 기술력 T-4이상 등급 업체들의 신용등급 상향정도가 가장 높았으며 5년 기준 업력에 따른 기술력평가의 유효성은 미미한 것으로 파악되었다. 정책지원의 효율성차원에서 지정된 성장유망업종에 해당하는 업체들을 대상으로 분석한 결과 일반기업대비 신용등급의 상향정도가 높아 성장유망업종 지원의 유용성을 확인할 수 있었다. 향후, 은행의 업체 발굴 또는 당국의 정책수립시에 T-4이상의 기술력 우수기업, 성장유망 업종에 집중하면 자금지원 효과를 극대화할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.1762-1776
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• 2024

A spent nuclear fuel (SNF) analysis module for the Vodo-Vodyanoi Energetichesky Reactor (VVER) was developed and validated in this study. This advancement expands the application area of the existing nodal diffusion code, RAST-V, and reduces the need for additional code during 3D core simulations for SNF analysis, leading to increased efficiency in simulation time. RAST-V uses Lagrange interpolation and a power correction factor derived from the Bateman equation to bypass the re-depletion calculations, which are used to solve the microdepletion chain. This approach improved the efficiency of analysis. To mirror the conditions during the 3D core simulations, the module used history indices related to the moderator temperature, fuel temperature, and boron concentration. The module can predict 1620 isotopes. This paper presents the validation of this isotope inventory prediction and the application of burnup credit. The VVER analysis module was validated using 28 samples discharged from the Novovoronezh-4. Most isotopes were within 10 % of the boundaries of the measurements. This study successfully offers verification results using VVER benchmarks and discusses the application of burnup credit using a VVER-440 cask.

• 기술혁신연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.79-97
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• 2003

R&D expenditure of Korean firms has been increasing drastically since 1980 and occupied 84% of total R&D expenditure in 1994. After 1994, however, the growth rate of industry R&D expenditure has dropped below single digit. R&D concentration rate of upper 20 companies declined from 61.9% in 1999 to 49.8% in 2001. The technology trade balance has diverged by 2.8 billion dollars in 2000 compared to around 0.3 billion dollars in 1985. We find several reasons on declining the industry R&D growth rate in Korea. First, we carefully say there might be an crowding out effect in increasing government R&D investment from Granger causality test between industry R&D and government R&D. Second, the decreasing benefit of tax credit since 1992 on industry R&D expenditure has caused the decrease of industry R&D growth rate. Third, the type of R&D cost becomes to similar to matured countries type of cost, which means the portion of capital expenditure has been decreased since late of 1980s. Therefore, industry R&D growth rate gets to saturation point. We draw several policy implications from the changing structure of business R&D of Korean company. Firstly, to stimulate industry R&D investment Korean government needs to strengthen tax credit policy. Secondly, to induce foreign direct investment Korean government needs to establish technology infrastructures and high quality of manpower. To utilize foreign technology resources Korean government need to introduce global R&D program executed by foreign scientist as an Project Leader.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.39-79
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• 2005

본 연구는 은행집중도 확대 등 독점적 은행구조의 비교우위 가능성을 검토하였다. 즉, 신용평가기관(Credit Bureau)의 정착, 신용정보의 거래활성화 등 금융제도가 선진화되면서 나타나는 정보의 외부효과 증대에 따라, 또한 경제발전단계에 따라 최적 은행구조가 어떻게 달라질 수 있는지를 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 경제개발 초기단계인 저개발국가와 자본시장이 발달하고 금융제도가 선진화되면서 정보의 외부성이 높아진 선진국의 경우는 독점적 은행구조가 장기균형자본축적에 효과가 있었다. 이러한 결과는, 은행과 차입자 간의 비대칭적인 정보구조가 상존하는 가운데 경제 내의 신용리스크가 큰 경우 또는 정보의 외부효과가 높아 무임승차(free riding) 위협이 큰 경우에는 독점적인 은행구조가 바람직함을 시사한다. 본 연구는 최근 금융산업에서 발생하는 인수합병의 경제적 효과를 설명하는 새로운 분석방법을 제시하고 있으며, 우리나라 및 세계 각국의 인수합병 관련 규제완화의 이론적 근거를 제공할 수 있다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권7호
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• pp.349-360
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• 2020

The study aims to empirically examine the determinants of bank margins from Pakistan, an emerging South Asian economy. To elucidate the importance of the Pakistani banking sector, secondary data has been used, which was extracted from the annual accounts of twenty-four Pakistani scheduled commercial banks (20 conventional, four full-fledged Islamic) over a sample period of 2006 to 2017. The factors identified in the dealership model and the subsequent empirical developments in the dealership model categorized as bank-specific, diversification, regulatory, and industry concentration are analyzed by applying the most-common linear dynamic panel-data estimator, the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator, developed by Arellano and Bond (1991). The findings reveal that, among the bank-specific variables, funding cost, credit risk, managerial efficiency, market share, and operating cost are significant predictors of bank margins. For diversification variables employed in the study, both variables including net non-interest income and asset diversity are as well significant predictors of bank margins. It is also found that the market concentration variable proxied by the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is significantly predicting bank margins. Subsequently, one of the regulatory variables, the opportunity cost of holding reserves, and one bank-specific variable, the degree of risk aversion, are insignificant in the model.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.133-143
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• 2020

The paper investigates the factors affecting the profitability of commercial banks in Asian developing countries, including Vietnam, Malaysia and Thailand. We use panel data of four entities; ten banks in Vietnam, eight banks in Malaysia, nine banks in Thailand and all 27 commercial banks from the period 2012 to 2016. Particularly, Return on Asset, Return on Equity and TOBINQ are defined as profitability indicators, which are impacted by three main types of independent variables, namely bank-specifics, which include CAR, NPL, Cost to income, Liquidity ratio and Bank size, industry-specific variable-concentration HHI and macroeconomic-specific variables, which consist of GDP growth and Inflation. Using panel data regressions, the paper identifies several similarities and differences among empirical results on the models of four entities, each of three countries and the overall sample. The most outstanding similarity is that all entities record the significantly negative relationship between operational risk and banking profitability. Likewise, the significantly negative influence of bank size to profitability is found on models of Vietnam and Thailand and no significant effect on the model of Malaysia. Meanwhile, the most controversial result comes up with the negative relationship between CAR and profitability indicators as well as the positive association between credit risk and banking profitability.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권7호
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• pp.73-84
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• 2020

Existing studies disagree over the core predictors of firm-level financial choices in developing countries. The general practice only validates the traditional capital structure model, which leads to inconsistency and a lack of novelty. This study removed overfitting issues among existing factors and presented the most reliable and advanced capital structure model in Pakistani firms. The panel data include 368 Pakistani companies from 19 non-financial sectors over the period 2004 to 2017. We apply Akaike and Bayesian Information Criteria to remove overfitting issues among inconsistent proxies in the capital structure model. The fixed effects regression is used for basic results and the Generalized Method of Moments is applied to control the endogeneity. Besides the conventional proxies, we report that credit rating, distance from bankruptcy, managerial concentration, and institutional quality are the most advanced capital structure determinants in Pakistan. These predictors remain significant across firm size and growth levels. Also, the findings confirm that new predictors are reliable to define capital structure dynamics and improve the speed of adjustment in overall and sub-sample analysis. The major findings suggest that managers and policymakers should consider these advanced predictors to design their financial settings in firms.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권8호
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• pp.421-431
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• 2021

This study investigates the empirical linkages between ASEAN countries' institutional quality and financial inclusion using country data from 2008-2019. In this paper, six governance indicators from the World Governance index are used to measure the impact of institutions on financial inclusion. The PCA method's financial inclusion index is constructed from 3 indicators: penetration, access, and usage: penetration, access, and usage with six indices respectively as the number of ATMs per 1000 km², the number of bank branches per 1000 km², the number of ATMs per 100,000 people and the number of bank branches for 100,000 adults, the ratio of credit to private to GDP, and the ratio of deposit to private to GDP. Regression analysis with the Generalized Moments method shows the positive impact of institutions and other control variables like GDP per capita, inflation, bank concentration, and human development index on financial inclusion. Therefore, this study recommends that the government and policymakers in countries pursue the financial inclusion agenda to pay attention to the financial and economic indicators and institutional factors. This is because many savers, borrowers, and investors may not be protected when financial contracts are enforced or breaches occur in an environment where economic, legal, judicial, and political institutions are weak, such as in ASEAN countries.