• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2008

Objectives : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and toluene have been reported to induce reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. This study was performed to investigate the effects of low level exposure to PAHs or toluene on the lipid peroxidation level in elementary school children and the elderly in a rural area. Methods : Forty seven elementary school children and 40 elderly people who were living in a rural area and not occupationally exposed to PAH or toluene were the subjects of this study. Information about active or passive smoking and diet was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. The urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), 2-naphthol, hippuric acid and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentrations were measured, and these values were corrected with the urinary creatinine concentration. Results : In school children, the geometric means of the urinary 1-OHP, 2-naphthol, hippuric acid and TBARS levels were $0.02\;{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine, $0.47\;{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine, 0.14 g/g creatinine and $0.95\;{\mu}mol/g$ creatinine, respectively. Those values for the elderly were $0.07{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine, $1.87{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine, 0.11 g/g creatinine and $1.18\;{\mu}mol/g$ creatinine, respectively. The mean levels of urinary 1-OHP, 2-naphthol and TBARS were significantly higher in the elderly subjects than in the children. The urinary TBARS level was not correlated with the urinary 1-OHP, 2-naphthol and hippuric acid, but they were correlated with the age of the subjects. Conclusions : These results suggest that low level inhalation exposure to PAH or toluene does not markedly increase lipid peroxidation, and age is a significant determinant of lipid peroxidation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.151-159
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• 1972

Protein malnutrition of children is one of the most serious nutritional deficiencies in developing country. Urea nitrogen excretion in ureotelic animals is the function most sensitive to dietary protein. The 24 hours excretion of creatinine in the urine of a given subject is remarkably constant from day to day. The creatinine excretion of different individuals of the same age and sex is also quite constant. Low ratios of urinary urea to creatinine are found children low protein intake. The foregiving world-wide investigations indicate that the urea nitrogen/creatinine ratios seems to be a good biochemical indicator to distinguish among group with different levels of protein intake. The purpose of this study is to evluate an indicator of protein intake on the elementary school children ranged from 6 to 8 years of age living in rural and urban areas. Each child measured for height and weight of body. weight measured by means of a plate from scale and height by a vertical measuring rod. Biochemical test were taken from a finger-tip and urine. Hemoglobin level in the blood was measured by cyanomethemoglobin method. From the urine samples, urea nitrogen and urea creatinie were determined by Folin-Wu method and: calculate the ratio. The following result were obtained: 1) Mean of the body weight and height in urban children(Seoul) was higher and heavier than rural children(Kyunggi, Kangwon). And 12% of boys, 18% of girls in Kyunggi and 25% of boys, 22% of girls in Kangwon area weight less than 80% of Korean Physical Standard weight level. 2) The mean hemoglobin values of boys and girls in Seoul are children were 13. 3g/100ml, 13.1g/100ml and the mean of hemoglobin values in Kyunggi 12.9g/100ml of boys, 12.4g/100ml of girls, and 12.4g/100ml of boys, 12.9g/100ml of girls in Kangwon children. It is found that 22% to 24% children inrural area (Kyunggi, Kangwon) had hemoglobin level less than 12g/100ml which means anemia. 3) The mean of hematocrit level of Seoul, boys and girls children were 33.5%, 34.1% and 33.4%, 33.1%, in Kyunggi area and 33.1%, 32.9% in Kangwon area. 4) Urea nitrogen/creatinine ratios in Seoul children were 9. 0, 10. 0 of boys and girls, the ratio were 8.2, 8.0 in Kyunggi boys and girls children, and 7.5 and 7.4 in Kangwon boys, girls children. Low-income rural and upper-income urban background large differences between two groups in the urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio(Seoul: Kangwon in male, female children. p<0.05, p<0.001). The urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio definetly seems to be a good indicator of the quantity of the protein intake. However, whether or not it is an indicator of the quality of the ingested protein ramains to be seen.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relevance of gender, age, and BMI (Body Mass Index) to changes in the urinary creatinine concentration in Korean adults. We recruited and surveyed 2,156 persons $\geq$20 years of age from 98 districts across the country, and collected urine samples for analyzing the creatinine concentration. Participants were 41.6% men and 58.4% women. In terms of age, the percentage of the population in their 20's and $\geq$60 years of age was relatively similar, with 13.6% and 17.8%, respectively, while the percentages in their 30's, 40's and 50's were also relatively similar, with 22.0%, 24.0%, and 22.6%, respectively. The proportion of participants in their 20's and 30's who were underweight (according to the BMI) was 25% and 19.2%, respectively, but only 6.2~6.4% of those $\geq$40 years of age were underweight. This showed that the underweight proportion in elder generations was less than that in younger generations. Meanwhile, the proportion who were overweight was 13.7%, 18.8%, 28.6%, 27.9%, 32.0% when the participants were in their 20's, 30's, 40's, 50's and $\geq$60 years of age, respectively (p<0.000). This showed that the overweight proportion increased along with increasing age. The overall urinary creatinine concentration was 10 mg/dl (arithmetic mean: AM), and 92.2 mg/dl (geometric mean: GM). The urinary creatinine concentration in men (132.6 mg/dl, AM) was significantly higher than that in women (93.3 mg/dl, AM (p<0.000)). Showing a similar trend in men and women, urinary creatinine concentrations were highest when the participants were in their 20's (135.6 mg/dl, AM), and tended to decrease with increasing age. Urinary creatinine concentrations in overweight and obese subjects (AM of 117.9 mg/dl and 118.0 mg/dl, respectively) were significantly higher than in other groups, and this trend was similar in men and women. In conclusion, we found that urinary concentrations were significantly affected by gender, age, and BMI, and that care should therefore be exercised when correcting urinary metabolites according to the urinary creatinine concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.419-425
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• 1985

N-Methylamidinoglycine, an isomer of creatine which was postulated to be formed enzymatically in vitro, has been synthesized by coupling glycine with N, S-dimethylthiopseudouronium iodide in a yield of approxirnately 60%. On heating in acidic solution, it was converted to a cyclized form (isocreatinine) in analogy with the conversion of creatine to creatinine(anhydrous form). Structures were confirmed by an elemental analysis and proton NMR spectroscopy. Further studies on their characteristics were compared with those of creatine and creatinine in regard to isoelectric points(pI), retardation coefficients(Rf) on thin layer chromatography, and elution profiles on amino acid analyzer. In order to facilitate the comparison, $^{14}C$-labeled creatine, creatinine, isocreatine and isocreatinine were also synthesized.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.51-58
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to identify clinical characteristics of type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension. The subjects were 209 type 2 diabetic patients who visited at the endocrine center at Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital of Catholic University in Seoul from beginning of March through the end of April in 2001. The patient's clinical laboratory data were assessed at medical record review. The data were analyzed using for t-test, $x^2$ test. The results were as follows: 1) There were no significant differences in age, body mass index, sex, family history of diabetes and oral hypoglycemic agents between hypertensive group and normotensive group, However, percentage of patients receiving insulin treatment was higher significantly in the hypertensive group. 2) Creatinine and microalbuminuria levels were higher significantly in the hypertensive group. However, fasting blood glucose levels were lower significantly in the hypertensive group. There were no significant differences in $HbA_1c$, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein(a) and blood urea nitrogen between two groups. Our present study supports that Creatinine and microalbuminuria levels were higher significantly in the hypertensive group.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.109-113
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• 1980

Organic bases in the dorsal meat of wild common carp, Cyprinus carpio, were analyzed as a part of the studies on the taste compounds of fresh-water fishes. The male and female meat showed no significant differences in contents of total creatinine, betaine, TMA and TMAO. The most abundant basic compound was total creatinine $(ca.\;400mg\%)$. The amount of betaine was poor $(ca.\;66.5mg\%)$ and TMA and TMAO were trace in content $(below\;1mg\%)$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.493-505
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relevance of adjusting a urinary sample for urine hippuric correction value and its effects. Urinary biological monitoring data are typically adjusted to a constant creatinine and specific gravity concentration to correct for variable dilutions among spot samples. This study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of adjusting the urinary concentrations of urine creatinine and specific gravity(SG). Methods: We measured the concentrations of hippuric acid, in spot urine samples collected from control(119), case(120) individuals. The value of hippuric acid was adjusted by SG and urinary creatinine(HPLC & Jaffe). Results: The major results were as follows. The concentrations of urinary creatinine and SG for the control group were 1.84 g/L(SD 0.99) for arithmetic mean and 1.56 g/L(GSD 1.86) for geometric mean by HPLC method, 1.57 g/L (SD, 0.82) for arithmetic mean and 1.33 g/L(GSD 1.85) for geometric mean by Jaffe method, 1.028(SD 0.09) for arithmetic mean and 1.02(GSD 1.06) for geometric mean by refractometer. Hippuric acid levels were 0.40 g/L(SD 0.51) by arithmetic mean and 0.20 g/L(GSD 3.59). In that case the exposed group was 1.40 g/L(SD 0.58) for arithmetic mean and 1.28 g/L(GSD 1.55) for geometric mean by HPLC method, 1.27 g/L(SD 0.56) for arithmetic mean and 1.14 g/L(GSD 1.62) for geometric mean by Jaffe method, 1.045 L(SD 0.27) for arithmetic mean and 1.02(GSD 1.13) for geometric mean by refractometer(P<0.05). Hippuric acid levels were 0.67 g/L(SD 0.79) for arithmetic mean and 0.39 g/L(GSD 2.94)(p<0.05). The urine creatinine concentrations were affected by gender(p < 0.01) but SG levels were not affected by gender or age(p>0.05). After adjustment, urine hippuric acid was correlated with creatinine(HPLC & Jaffe)(r=0.723, P<0.05, r=0.708, P<0.05) and SG(r=0.936, P<0.05) and the control group shows significantly higher than the case group. In the case group for adjusted urine hippuric acid was correlated with creatinine(HPLC & Jaffe), (r=0.736, P<0.05), r=0.549, P<0.05), SG(r=0.549, P<0.05). After adjusting urine hippuric acid by urine creatinine(HPLC and Jaffe method) and specific gravity, significant associations were found between the control group and case group, respectively(r=0.832, P<0.05, r=0.845, P<0.05) and (r=0.841, P<0.05, r=0.849, P<0.05). Specific gravity adjustment appears to be more appropriate for variations in the urine creatinine method. Conclusion: we found that urinary creatinine concentrations were significantly affected by gender, and other factors and that care should therefore be exercised when correcting urinary metabolites according to the urinary creatinine concentration in spot urine. It is determined that additional study is needed for biological monitoring.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.93-100
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• 1988

In clinical practice, creatinine clearance(Ccr) remains the most commonly used laboratory assessment of glomerular function despite methodological and technical problems of urine collection. Schwartz et al. in 1976, reported that an accurate estimate of glomerular filtration rate(GFR) could be obtained from the simple determinations of plasma creatinine(Pcr) and body length(L) : GFR($m{\ell}/min/1.73m^2$=k L(cm)/Pcr(mg/$100m{\ell}$), (k=constant). The subject of this study were ill children admitted to our pediatric department from July, 1985 to June, 1987 and they were divided into three groups; group I, from 1 to 5 years old, group II, from 6 to 10 years old, group III. from 11 to 15 years old. The results were as following ; 1) Measured creatinine clearance($Ccr_M$, $m{\ell}/min/1.73m^2$) were $109.73{\pm}9.97$ in group I, $108.26{\pm}9.02$ in group II, $96.20{\pm}4.72$ in group III and $105.48{\pm}5.23$ in all age group. 2) Measured k($k_M$) obtained from $Ccr_M=k$ Ht/Pcr were $0.49{\pm}0.03$ in group I, $0.48{\pm}0.02$ in group II, $0.43{\pm}0.02$ in group III, and $0.47{\pm}0.02$ in all age group.(Ht ; height) 3) Linear equations and correlation coefficients between Ht/Pcr(x) and Ccr(y) were y=0.822x-65.63(r=0.99) in group I, y=0.61x-23.46(r=0.72) in group II, y=0.18x+54.44(r=0.54) in group III and y=0.58x-22.13(r=0.81) in all age group. 4) $Ccr_E$ was again estiamted from linear equations between Ht/Pcr and $Ccr_M$ and $k_E$ was calculated with Ht/Pcr and $Ccr_E$ were $0.48{\pm}0.01$ in group I, $0.49{\pm}0.01$in group II, $0.43{\pm}0.01$ in group III and $0.47{\pm}0.00$ in all age group. 5) Consistant values of $k_E$ and $k_M$ were highly significant as 95~97.5% in group I and II, 90~95% in group III and 97.5~99% in all age group. In summary, we could estimate GFR with height, plasma creatinine and measured k($k_M$) according to the age in easy and rapid way.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.26 no.1 s.41
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• pp.49-64
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• 1993

To provide the basic data for assessment of renal dysfunction related to silicosis, urinary N-acetyl-$\beta$-D-giucobarninidase(NAG) activity known as a sensitive markers for early renal damage were measured in 58 silicosis patients, and control subjects of 40 pulmonary tuberculosis Patients and 51 official workers. The results were summarized as fellows. 1. The values of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine in all subjects were within reference limits. But the mean value of urinary NAG activity($7.25{\pm}7.31U/g\;creatinine$) was beyond reference value and more sensitive test than others. 2. The mean value of urinary NAG activity in silicosis group was $11.98{\pm}9.05U/g\;creatinine$ and significantly higher than in tuberculosis and healthy group(p<0.01), but the mean values of NAG activity in tuberculosis and healthy group were not different(p>0.05). 3. The value of NAG activity in tuberculosis had a tendency to be increased according to severity of disease, but that was not significant(p>0.05). The value of NAG activity was increased significantly by use of nephrotoxic antituberculosis drugs(p<0.05). 4. The value of NAG activity in silicosis had a tendecy to be increased according to the size of nodule, use of nephrotoxic antituberculosis drugs and shortness of onset duration, but the increase was not significant(p>0.05). 5. After excluding the users of nephrotoxic antituberculosis drugs, the mean values of NAG activity in healthy control and in tuberculosis control were same as 3.63 U/g creatinine and 3.60 U/g creatinine, respectively. But the mean value of NAG activity in silicosis group was remarkably increased as 10.90 U/g creatinine(p<0.01). As above results, even though there are no abnormal finding in screening renal function test, silicosis can be related with renal dysfunction. And it will be very useful to apply urinary NAG activity in health management of workers exposed to dust.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.81-84
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• 1982

Renal dysfunction was experimentally induced with reductions in renal mass in dogs and then the remaining kidney function was estimated by blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations. During experimental period, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations showed no variance in dogs with 50% reductions in renal mass, but these values were remarkably increased in dogs with 75% reductions in renal mass. It was considered that 75% reductions in renal mass was applicable as experimental models for renal dysfunction.