• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.301-308
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• 2018

Properties of AFS vary with the changes in the face-sheet materials. Hence, the performance of AFS can be optimized by selecting face-sheet materials. In this work, three types of face-sheet materials representing elastic-perfectly plastic, elastic-plastic strain hardening and purely elastic materials were employed to study their effects on the flexural behavior and failure mechanism of AFS systematically. Result showed face-sheet materials affected the failure mechanism and energy absorption ability of AFS significantly. When the foam cores were sandwiched by aluminum alloy 6061, the AFS failed by face-sheet yielding and crack without collapse of the foam core, there was no clear plastic platform in the Load-Displacement curve. When the foam cores were sandwiched by stainless steel 304 and carbon fiber fabric, there were no face-sheet crack and the sandwich structure failed by core shear and collapse, plastic platform appeared. Energy absorption abilities of steel and carbon fiber reinforced AFS were much higher than aluminum alloy reinforced one. Carbon fiber was suggested as the best choice for AFS for its light weight and high performance. The versus strength ratio of face sheet to core was suggested to be a significant value for AFS structure design which may determine the failure mechanism of a certain AFS structure.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.117-126
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• 2019

When designing reinforced concrete (RC) members, the rebar is assumed to resist all tensile forces, but the resistance of the concrete in the tension area is neglected. However, concrete can also resist tensile forces and increase the tensile stiffness of RC members, which is called the tension stiffening effect (TSE). Therefore, this study assessed the TSE, particularly after yielding of the steel bars and the effects of the steel ratio on the TSE. For this purpose, RC member specimens with steel ratios of 2.87%, 0.99%, and 0.59% were fabricated for uniaxial tensile tests. A vision-based non-contact measurement system was used to measure the behavior of the specimens. The cracks on the specimen at the stabilized cracking stage and the fracture stage were measured with the image analysis method. The results show that the number of cracks increases as the steel ratio increases. The reductions of the limit state and fracture strains were dependent on the ratio of the rebar. As the steel ratio decreased, the strain after yielding of the RC members significantly decreased. Therefore, the overall ductility of the RC member is reduced with decreasing steel ratio. The yielding plateau and ultimate load of the RC members obtained from the proposed equations showed very good agreement with those of the experiments. Finally, the image analysis method was possible to allow flexibility in expand the measurement points and targets to determine the strains and crack widths of the specimens.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2004년도 춘계 학술발표회 제16권1호
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• pp.830-833
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• 2004

Hydraulic structures have been constructed with low cost concrete so as to increase the investment efficiency. But, it has caused to produce structures having excess internal voids inside concrete. As the construction of agricultural irrigation and drainage project is concentrated on off-farming season and scattered in wider area, variation of quality of structures is big and it caused increase of internal voids. Due to that reason, hazardous substance is passing rather freely through the voids causing occur of crack and accordingly life time of structures is getting shortened. It is necessary to make a thesis of design criteria for design strength to increase life time, range of variation of quality, strength of ready-mixed concrete proper to design strength, and water-cement ratio and air content.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제66권4호
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• pp.543-555
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• 2018

Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP), which has a high strength to weight ratio, are now regularly used for strengthening of deficient reinforced concrete (RC) structures. While various researches have been conducted on FRP strengthening, an area that still requires attention is predicting the debonding failure load of prestressed FRP strengthened RC beams. Application of prestressing increases the capacity and reduces the premature failure of the beams largely, though not entirely. Few analytical methods are available to predict the failure loads under flexure failure. With this paucity, this research proposes a method for predicting debonding failure induced by intermediate crack (IC) for prestressed FRP-strengthened beams. The method consists of a numerical study on beams retrofitted with prestressed FRP in the tension side of the beam. The method applies modified Branson moment-curvature analysis together with the global energy balance approach in combination with fracture mechanics criteria to predict failure load for complicated IC-induced failure. The numerically simulated results were compared with published experimental data and the average of theoretical to experimental debonding failure load is found to be 0.93 with a standard deviation of 0.09.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.354-363
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• 1998

In order to analyze the stretch forming characteristics of tailored blanks, laser welded blanks of different thickness and strength combinations were prepared and stretching tests were done. The stretching formability of laser welded blanks was reduced as increasing the deformation restraining force ($strength{\times}thickness$) ratio between two welded sheets. Weld line movement was attributed to strain concentration at weaker sheets and resulted in fracture at weaker sid, so that fracture could be predicted by the forming limit of the weak sheet. In the case of a welded blank with the similar deformation restraining force rations between two welded sheets, crack occurred at weld and its forming limit was about 15% less than the base sheet. The effects of lubrication and weld line position on stretch-ing formability were also investigated by experiments. Lower friction did not always give better formability for tailored blanks. Stretching formability was observed to be improved as increasing the area of weak sheet.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2008년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.31-36
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• 2008

This study aims to examine the effects of thickness of the concrete members and curing temperature on the properties of low heat concrete through heat of hydration analysis. Type of the members that was analyzed in the experiment is ternary mixture of ordinary portland cement, blast-furnace slag incorporating ratio(20%) and fly ash incorporating ratio(30%), which formed a mat foundation. Thicknesses of the concrete members were 1, 2 and 3(m) and three levels of curing temperatures were 10, 20 and 30(℃). They were applied to analyze the effects on the temperature and thermal cracking index. As a result, for temperature history, temperature difference between the central area and the surface tended to decrease as the thickness of the concrete members get thinner. For the temperature cracking index, on the other hand, the risk of cracking tended to decrease as the curing temperature gets higher and as the thickness gets thinner.

• Architectural research
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2005

Conventional studies have focused on the reduction in the water-cement ratio, the use of various admixtures, etc., to ensure the durability of reinforced concrete structures against such deterioration factors as carbonation and chloride attack. However, improvement in the concrete quality alone is not considered sufficient or realistic for meeting the recent demand for a service life of over 100 years. This study intends to improve the durability of reinforced concrete structures by improvement in the reinforcing steel, which has remained untouched due to cost problems, through subtle adjustment of the steel components to keep the cost low. As a fundamental study on the performance of Cr-bearing rebars in steel reinforced concrete structures exposed to corrosive environments, The test specimens were made by installing 8 types of rebars in concretes with a chloride ion content of 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4 and $24kg/m^3$. Corrosion accelerated curing were then conducted with them. The corrosion resistance of Cr-bearing rebars was examined by measuring crack widths, half-cell potential, corrosion area and weight loss after 155 cycles of corrosion-accelerating curing. The results of the study showed that the corrosion resistance increased as the Cr content increased regardless of the content of chloride ions, and that the Cr-bearing rebars with a Cr content of 5% and 9% showed high corrosion resistance in concretes with a chloride ion content of 1.2 and $2.4kg/m^3$, respectively.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.650-655
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• 2009

용량 150 kg의 실험용건조기와 heat pump를 이용하여 건조온도 20, 30, 40 및 $50^{\circ}C$에서 건조실험을 수행하였다. 건조과정에서 함수율, 동할율의 경시적 변화와 건조 전 후의 발아율 및 식미를 측정하여 저온건조과정에 벼의 품질과 적정 건조온도를 구명하였다. 건조온도 20, 30, 40 및 $50^{\circ}C$에서 건조속도는 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 및 1.3%/hr 로 건조온도가 높을수록 건조는 빠르게 진행되었으며, 건조온도 $40^{\circ}C$ 이상은 고온영역, 그 이하는 저온영역으로 구분할 수 있다. 동할율은 건조온도 $20^{\circ}C$에서는 발생하지 않았고 건조온도 30, 40 및 $50^{\circ}C$에서 1.6, 6.8 및 24.2%로 나타나 건조온도가 높을수록 동할 발생이 증가하였다. 따라서, 건조온도 20 및 $30^{\circ}C$는 동할율 기준치에 적합한 안전한 온도영역이며, $50^{\circ}C$는 매우 위험한 온도영역으로 판단된다. 또한, 건조온도 $40^{\circ}C$는 동할율 방지를 위해 템퍼링시간 증대 등 운영방법의 조정이 필요하였다. 건조온도가 높을수록 건조후 발아율은 저하하였으며, 건조온도 20 및 $30^{\circ}C$에서 발아율은 종자용으로 사용가능한 영역이었으며, 건조온도 40 및 $50^{\circ}C$는 최소 영역인 80%에 만족하였다. 식미관능검사에서전반적인(Overall) 품질, 외관(Appearance)의 품질, 맛(Taste)의 품질 및 조직감(Texture)의 품질에서 유의적인 차이가 나타났으며, 종합적으로 판단해볼 때 건조온도 $20^{\circ}C$와 $30^{\circ}C$에서 식미가 높게 나타났으며, 건조온도가 가장 높은 $50^{\circ}C$에서는 상대적으로 낮게 나타났다. 따라서, 품질이 우수한 건조조건은 건조온도 $30^{\circ}C$ 이하, 건조속도 0.6%/hr 이하를 유지하는 것이 적정한 것으로 판단된다.

• 암석학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.24-33
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• 1999

화강암에 대한 미세균열의 특성을 규명하기 위하여 노은리와 궁기리의 2개소 화강암을 대상으로 차분 변형율 분석(Differential Strain Analysis)을 실시하였다. 변형율은 압력을 처음 50MPa 까지는 5MPa씩, 50~100MPa에서는 10MPa씩, 250MPa 까지는 15MPa 씩 압력을 가하였다. 변형율 분석을 위하여 코아 시료의 수직바향과 수평방향에 각각 변형율 게이지를 부착하였다. 수직방향과 수평방향의 누적 균열 변형율은 매우 큰 편차를 보여주고 있어 미세균열의 발달에 이방성을 보임을 알수 있다. 수직방향의 누적 균열 변형율이 가장 큰 값을 보여 수평방향과 평행한 미세균열이 가장 잘 발달 해 있음을 지시하며, 이는 문경지역 화강암류 석제의 "결" 방향(rift plane)과 일치하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 240 MPa의 압력하에서 발생한 균열 변형율은 각각 N-1 : 174$\times$10-6~820$\times$10-6, N-2:190$\times$10-6~460$\times$10-6, G-1 : 329$\times$10-6~836$\times$10-6, G-1 : 833$\times$10-6~1,592$\times$10-6이다. 또한 250MPa의 압력에서 체적 균열 변형율은 궁기리지역 석재가 1,804$\times$10-6~3,936$\times$10-6, 노은리 지역의 석재가 1,125$\times$10-6~1,457$\times$10-6으로서 전자가 후자에 비해 훨씬 많은 미세균열들이 분포하고 있으며 "결" 의 발달상태가 더 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 화강암의 "결"과 미세균열의 방향성을 측정하기 위하여 최대 균열 변형율과 최소 균열 변형율의 비($\varepsilon$max/$\varepsilon$min)를 계산하였다. 그 비는 2.42에서 3.43까지의 높은 값을 가지는데, 이는 연구지역의 조립질 화강암류 석재에 발달되어 있는 미세균열은 대부분이 일정한 방향성을 보이는 입자내 균열임을 시사한다.분이 일정한 방향성을 보이는 입자내 균열임을 시사한다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.292-300
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• 2020

In this study, the effect of tempering on the stretch-flangeability is investigated in 980 MPa grade dual-phase steel consisting of ferrite and martensite phases. During tempering at 300 ℃, the strength of ferrite increases due to the pinning of dislocations by carbon atoms released from martensite, while martensite is softened as a consequence of a reduction in its carbon super-saturation. This strength variation results in a considerable increase in yield strength of the steel, without loss of tensile strength. The hole expansion test shows that steel tempered for 20 min (T20 steel) exhibits a higher hole expansion ratio than that of steel without tempering (T0 steel). In T0 steel, severe plastic localization in ferrite causes easy pore formation at the ferrite-martensite interface and subsequent brittle crack propagation through the highly deformed ferrite area during hole expansion testing; this propagation is mainly attributed to the large difference in hardness between ferrite and martensite. When the difference in hardness is not so large (T20 steel), on the other hand, tempered martensite can be considerably deformed together with ferrite, thereby delaying pore formation and hindering crack propagation by crack blunting. Eventually, these different deformation and fracture behaviors contribute to the superior stretch-flangeability of T20 steel.