• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.273-279
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• 2015

Effects of passive film quality by chemical passivation and solution flow on the corrosion behavior of 304 stainless steel in HCl solution were investigated using a coloration indicator, and by corrosion weight loss, electrochemical polarization and element dissolution measurements. A high redness degree suggests a low passive-film integrity for 304 stainless steel following air exposure, while the minimum redness degree for the samples after chemical passivation suggests a high passive-film integrity. In the static condition, samples subjected to air exposure exhibited a high corrosion rate and preferential dissolution of Fe. Chemical passivation inhibited the corrosion rate due to the intrinsically high structural integrity of the passive film and high concentrations of Cr-rich oxides and hydroxide. Solution flow accelerated corrosion by promoting both the anodic dissolution reaction and the cathodic reaction. Solution flow also altered the preferential dissolution to fast uniform dissolution of metal elements.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.44-50
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• 1993

The objective of this study was to investigate the extraction of chromium(Vl) ion in waste water through the liquid surfactant membrane with open-type Perforated Reciprocating-Plate Column. Extraction experiments were conducted to measure the effect of flow characteristics of continuous and dispersed phase and stroke velocity, sodium hydroxide concentraction in internal aqueous phase, sulfuric acid concentraction in outer phase, and residence time distribution and measured extraction velocity. The result of experiments showed that extraction velocity of chromium ion was maximum when stroke velocity was 180 1/min and dispersion phase velocity was 30m11min, continuous phase velocity was 20m1/min. Extraction velocity of chromium ion increased with increasing difference of hydrogen ion concentraction of dispersion and continuous phase and column stage decreased.

• 한국가정과학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2003

We investigated the bacterial and chemical retting conditions of ramie grown in Hansan. Bacterial retting was done in troughs at a temperature of 30${\pm}$2$^{\circ}C$ for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10 days. Chemical retting(CR) was done at the different conditions using sodium silicate (Na$_2$SiO$_3$), sodium carbonate(Na$_2$CO$_3$) and sodium hydroxide(NaOH) as alkali solutions. The retting solution was boiled during 1. 2, 4 and 6 hours respectively at the different concentration(0.5, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0. 8.0 %) with decorticated ramie stems submerged in it. The treated ramie was then rinsing with running tap water thoroughly, which was further soaker in 0.5% acetic acid (v/v) solution for three minutes and washed thoroughly with distilled water. Finally ramie was dried for 2 hours in vacuum oven at 100 $^{\circ}C$. To know change of ramie fiber characteristics retted at the different conditions, weight loss, fiber bundle strength were tested and color, texture, luster etc. were also sensually evaluated. The results were as follows. $.$ Weight loss of ramie retted in each alkali solutions were about 10%, 20% and 30% in sodium silicate, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide, respectively. $.$ Chemical retting was faster than bacterial retting, but the color of chemically retted ramies were worse than that of bacterially retted ramies. $.$ The combination of bacterial and chemical processing showed some merits. A combination of either 2 or 3 days of bacterial and then chemical retting might provide the best quality ramie. $.$ Ramie fiber became cottonized ramie when retted in 8% NaOH solution for 6-8hours.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2016년도 제50회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.371.1-371.1
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• 2016

다양한 물질계의 2차원 나노구조는 그래핀과 함께 그 고유특성으로 최근 광전소자, 전자소자, 센서, 에너지 생성 및 저장과 수소에너지 생성 등의 응용으로 매우 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 특히 층상이중수산화물 (layered-double hydroxide; LDH) 2차원 나노구조는 생성의 용이성과 층상 내 금속 이온의 교환을 통한 특성의 자유로운 제어가 가능하므로 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 층상이중수산화물 화합물은 [Zn(1-x) MIII(x)(OH)2][$An-x/n{\cdot}mH2O$] (MIII = Al, Cr, Ga; An- = CO32-, Cl-, NO3-, CH3COO-) 구조로써, Brucite-type 구조 내에서 3가 양이온의 상태에 따라서 다양한 특성을 제어할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 이러한 장점으로 인해 층상이중수산화물 화합물은 촉매나, 에너지 저장, 음이온 교환 및 흡착, 화학적 촉매, 바이오 소자 등에 응용이 연구되고 있으며, 다양한 금속 산화물을 제조하기 위한 중간자 precursor로써도 연구되고 있다. 하지만, 이러한 대부분의 연구들을 통한 결과물들이 분말 및 수용액 상태로 남게 되며, 이러한 화합물의 특성을 제어하기 어려운 문제점이 있다. 더욱이 이러한 나노구조물들을 다양한 소자로 응용하기 위해서는 상용의 실리콘이나 glass 등의 기판형태의 물질상에 성장시킬 수 있어야 하며, 그러한 기판 위에서의 형상 및 특성 제어가 용이해야 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 실리콘 기판을 적용한 Zn기반의 층상이중 수산화물 화합물을 성장하고, 하부물질의 조성제어를 통한 층상이중수산화물 화합물의 형상제어가 가능한 기술에 관한 연구를 보고하고자 한다. 이를 위한 하부물질의 조성은 Zn와 Al을 통해 이루어지며, 기형성된 Al2O3박막을 핵형성층으로 활용한다. 이러한 방법으로 형성된 층상이중수산화물 화합물에 대해 이차전자주사현미경, 투과전자현미경 및 X-ray회절기법을 통해 구조분석을 하고, Raman 및 광발광스펙트럼 분석을 통해 광학적 분석을 시행함으로써, 층상이중수산화물이 기판상에서 형성되는 메커니즘에 관한 규명을 시행하였다. 이러한 분석연구를 통해 핵형성층의 에칭 따라 실리콘 기판상에서 성장하는 층상이 중수산화물 화합물의 형상 및 조성이 제어되는 메커니즘을 구명하였다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.428-433
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• 1973

음이온교환수지관(Dowex 1${\times}8,\;20cm{\times}3.14cm^2$)을 통하여 0.1M Si(IV), As(V), P(V), S(VI), W(VI), Cr(VI)의 용액을 각기 1ml씩 취하여 섞은 용액 6ml를 다음과 같은 용리액으로 용리시켜 정량적으로 분리하였다. 이때에 용리액은 Si(IV), As(V), P(V)에 대하여 0.07M 염산과 0.03M 염화나트륨을 섞은 용액(pH 1.3)을, S(VI), W(VI), Cr(VI)에 대하여 0.6M 염화나트륨과 0.3M 수산화나트륨을 섞은 용액을 사용하였다. 이때에 함께 용출된 P(V)와 As(V)의 혼합액은 아황산나트륨용액으로 처리하여 As(V)를 As(III)으로 환원시킨다음 0.1N 아황산나트륨용액(pH 3.48)으로 용리하여 분리하였다. 많은 양의 철(97% 이상)과 Si(IV), As(V), S(VI), P(V), W(VI)이 혼합된 용액은 양이온교환수지관(Dowex 50w${\times}12,\;30cm{\times}3.14cm^2$)을 통하여 디메틸술포옥시드와 질산나트륨의 혼합용리액으로 용리하여 철을 먼저 분리하고 다시 음이온들은 음이온교환수지관을 통하여 분리하였다. 철강중에 들어있는 음이온 성분들도 같은 방법으로 분리할 수 있었다.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.107-123
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• 2003

본 연구는 0가 철 (ZVI)의 설치위치와 전극의 배열에 따른 다양한 조합의 전기적 투수성 반응벽을 대상으로 트리클로로에틸렌의 탈염소화 반응에 의한 정화시 ZVI의 부식에 기인하는 광물상침전물에 대해 알아보고, 이에 대한 조절 요소를 알아보고자 한다. 광물학적 연구 결과, 지하수 유입부의 ZVI 시료는 상대적으로 많은 레피도크로사이트, 훼리하이드라이트 혹은 철 수산화물과 (phospho)siderite가 산출되는 반면, 용출부의 ZVI 시료는 아카가나이트, 자철석/마그헤마이트, 그리고 중간 산물인 green rust (CR) I 과 CR II가 산출되었다. 이러한 광물 조합의 변화는 용존 산소 및 pH의 상승에 주로 기인한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 전기적 투수성 반응벽 내에 산출되는 광물상 침전물들의 조절 요소들은 (1) pH, (2) 용존산소, (3) 철의 부식시 중간 산물, (4) 음이온 종류 등으로 밝혀졌다.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.18-23
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• 2002

수용액으로부터 6가 크롬을 분리ㆍ회수하기 위한 용매추출시 추출제의 종류 및 평형 pH에 따른 추출효과를 조사하였다. 실험결과 크롬의 추출율은 추출제인 Alamine 336이나 Aliquat 336의 농도가 증가함에 따라 증가하고 있으며, 4차 아민인 Aliquat 336이 6가 크롬의 추출에 있어 Alamine 336이나 PC-88A보다 가장 효과적이다. 그리고 추출시 3상 방지제로 첨가되는 octanol, decanol 및 dodecanol등의 다가알콜은 서로 비슷한 추출효과를 보이고 있으며, 다가알콜을 첨가하지 않은 경우에 비해서는 추출율이 다소 증가하고 있다. 한편, 6가 크롬 수용액에 대한 용매추출시, Aliquat 336의 농도는 1％, 다가알콜인 decanol 농도는 5％로 하여 pH 7 이하에서 추출하면 6가 크롬을 100%추출할 수 있으며, 탈거시에는 탈거액으로 1M의 수산화나트륨 용액을 사용하면 유기상중의 크롬을 전부 회수할 수 있다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.867-874
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• 2009

Solubility of a radionuclide is important for defining the release source term of a radioactive waste in the safety and performance assessments of a radioactive waste repository. When the pH and redox potential of the KURT groundwater were changed by an electrical method, the concentrations of uranium and thorium released from $UO_2$(cr) and $ThO_2$(cr) at alkali pH(8.1 ${\sim}$ 11.4) and reducing potential (Eh < -0.2 V) conditions were less than $10^{-7}mole/L$. Unexpectedly, the concentration of tetravalent thorium is slightly higher than that of uranium at pH = 8.1 and Eh= -0.2 V conditions, and this difference may be due to the formation of hydroxide-carbonate complex ions. When $UO_2$(s) and $UO_2$(am, hyd.), and $ThO_2$(s) and $Th(OH)_4(am)$ were assumed as solubility limiting solid phases, the concentrations of uranium and thorium in the KURT groundwater calculated by the PHREEQC code were comparable to the experimental results. The dominating aqueous species of uranium and thorium were presumed as $UO_2(CO_3)_3^{4-}$ and $Th(OH)_3CO_3^-$ at pH = 8.1 ${\sim}$ 9.8, and $UO_2(OH)_3^-$ and $Th(OH)_4(aq)$ at pH = 11.4.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2005년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.42-45
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• 2005

Accurate prediction of the fate and transport of contaminants in soils and sediments is very Important to environmental risk assessment and effective remediation of contaminated soils and sediments. The fate and transport of contaminants in subsurface are affected by geosorbents, especially carbonaceous materials including black carbon. Various physical and chemical treatment methods have been developed to separate different kinds of carbonaceous materials from soils and sediments. However, the effects of these separation methods on the properties of remaining carbonaceous materials including sorption capacity and linearity are unclear. The objective of this study is to determine if the chemical and thermal treatment methods previously used to separate different carbonaceous material fractions affect the properties of carbonaceous materials including longer term sorption capacity of hydrophobic organic contaminants. The results indicate that treatments with hydrochloric acid (HCl)/hydrofluoric acid (HF), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) may not affect the sorption capacity of black carbon reference materials such as char and soot, however, treatments with acid dichromate $(K_2Cr_2O_7/H_2SO_4)$ and heat $(375^{\circ}C)$ for 24 hours in sufficient of oxygen) decrease the sorption capacity of them. The results of longer term sorption isotherm indicate that 2 days might be enough for trichloroethene (TCE) to equilibrate apparently with treated black carbon reference materials. The results suggest that acid dichromate and heat treatments may not appropriate method to investigate sorption properties of black carbon in soils and sediments.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.295-310
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• 2013

Industry- or regulatory-sponsored research activities on the resolution of Generic Safety Issue (GSI)-191 were reviewed, especially on the chemical effects. Potential chemical effects on the head loss across the debris-loaded sump strainer under a post-accident condition were experimentally evidenced by small-scale bench tests, integrated chemical effects test (ICET), and vertical loop head loss tests. Three main chemical precipitates were identified by WCAP-16530-NP: calcium phosphate, aluminum oxyhydroxide, and sodium aluminum silicate. The former two precipitates were also identified as major chemical precipitates by the ICETs. The assumption that all released calcium would form precipitates is reasonable. CalSil insulation needs to be minimized especially in a plant using trisodium phosphate buffer. The assumption that all released aluminum would form precipitates appears highly conservative because ICETs and other studies suggest substantial solubility of aluminum at high temperature and inhibition of aluminum corrosion by silicate or phosphate. The industry-proposed chemical surrogates are quite effective in increasing the head loss across the debris-loaded bed and more effective than the prototypical aluminum hydroxide precipitates generated by in-situ aluminum corrosion. There appears to be some unresolved potential issues related to GSI-191 chemical effects as identified in NUREG/CR-6988. The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, however, concluded that the implications of these issues are either not generically significant or are appropriately addressed, although several issues associated with downstream in-vessel effects remain.