• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.1416-1424
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the effects of alfalfa flavonoids on the production performance, immunity, and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows. Methods: The experiments employed four primiparous Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas, and used a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Cattle were fed total mixed ration supplemented with 0 (control group, Con), 20, 60, or 100 mg of alfalfa flavonoids extract (AFE) per kg of dairy cow body weight (BW). Results: The feed intake of the group receiving 60 mg/kg BW of AFE were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the group receiving 100 mg/kg BW. Milk yields and the fat, protein and lactose of milk were unaffected by AFE, while the total solids content of milk reduced (p = 0.05) linearly as AFE supplementation was increased. The somatic cell count of milk in group receiving 60 mg/kg BW of AFE was significantly lower (p<0.05) than that of the control group. Apparent total-tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and crude protein showed a tendency to increase (0.05<$p{\leq}0.10$) with ingestion of AFE. Methane dicarboxylic aldehyde concentration decreased (p = 0.03) linearly, whereas superoxide dismutase activity showed a tendency to increase (p = 0.10) quadratically, with increasing levels of AFE supplementation. The lymphocyte count and the proportion of lymphocytes decreased (p = 0.03) linearly, whereas the proportion of neutrophil granulocytes increased (p = 0.01) linearly with increasing levels of dietary AFE supplementation. The valeric acid/total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) ratio was increased (p = 0.01) linearly with increasing of the level of AFE supplementation, the other ruminal fermentation parameters were not affected by AFE supplementation. Relative levels of the rumen microbe Ruminococcus flavefaciens tended to decrease (p = 0.09) quadratically, whereas those of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens showed a tendency to increase (p = 0.07) quadratically in response to AFE supplementation. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that AFE supplementation can alter composition of milk, and may also have an increase tendency of nutrient digestion by regulating populations of microbes in the rumen, improve antioxidant properties by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities, and affect immunity by altering the proportions of lymphocyte and neutrophil granulocytes in dairy cows. The addition of 60 mg/kg BW of AFE to the diet of dairy cows was shown to be beneficial in this study.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.319-326
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• 2013

In the present study, we investigated the effects of high forage diets on the volume of udder, hormone level in blood, and lactation characteristics in the Holstein dairy cow. We divided into two groups; high forage diet [HF, concentrate: forage=4:6 n=41] and low forage diet [LF, 6:4 n=21]. Five cows were selected from each group based on their age for measuring the udder volume and the serum levels of estradiol and progesterone. Lactation characteristics were compared between HF and LF. The udder volume was 2.5 fold larger in HF at early gestation (p<0.01), but no difference was noted afterward. For the hormone levels, no significant difference was found between the groups. In HF, milk yield was significantly increased and maintained high longer, while somatic cell count was approximately 50% lower. Meanwhile, the milk fat content was significantly lower in HF during early lactating phase (p<0.001), but there was no difference thereafter. For milk protein and solid content, and MUN, no differences were found between the groups during lactation. Our results indicated that feeding high forage diets to dairy cows can increase milk yield and quality without notable changes in the udder volume and hormone level.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of sawdust bedding barn on manure handing, management labour and physiological aspect of dairy cows, and then to establish the criteria on the optimum utilization method of sawdust bedding barn. 46 tie stall barns and 49 sawdust bedding barns were surveyed to cmopare the milk productivity between two different barns, and also 5 tie stall barns, 15 sawdust bedding barns and 1 rice hull bedding barn were selected to study the utilization situation of sawdust barn in Kyung-Ki province area. The major results obtained were as follows; 1. The roof material of sawdust barn were consisted of 66% vinyl house, 23% PVC light and 11% slate and galvanum coated tin. Most of the floor structure was earth ground with the rate of the approximately 82%. 2. The average occupied area of sawdust bed per cow was 15.2 $m^2$, depth that 30 cm and the utilization period was 12 months. 3. Milk Yield was significantly higher at sawdust barn than at tie stall barn(P<0.01). Bacterial and somatic cell count in raw milk were less at the sawdust barn than in tie stall barn. However, there was not significance difference between two barns. 4. The labour hour needed to cow management in the sawdust barn was approximately 48% of that of tie stall barn. 5. The temperature and moisture content measured in sawdust bed were closely affected by seasonal ambient temperature. The skin and hair of cow were much cleaner at the PVC light roofed sawdust barn than any other roof materials. 6. The additives used for improving of fermentation did not show any effect on temperature and moisture content in sawdust bed. When the ambient temperature was $30.4^{\circ}C$, the surface temperature of measured 1 cm above the sawdust bed was $12.2^{\circ}C$ lower and the temperature of 100 cm above the sawdust bed was $2.4^{\circ}C lower under shading net facility than that of vinyl roofed one.7. The hoof length of miking cow was 7.95 cm in tie stall and 9.19 cm in sawdust barn with high significance (P<0.01). And disease occurence such as mastitis and foot-rot tended to decrease in the sawdust barn. 8. The number of total bacteria and coliform bacteria were less in the sawdust bed compared with earth ground resting area. And a parasite strongyloides papillosus was detected but without any infected cow. 9. The nitrate($NO_3N$) content in non-roofed earth ground resting area and earth ground under the sawdust bed was likely to pollute the ground water. 10. In economic point of view, rice hull bedding barn was the cheapest among different systems. And in the sawdust bedding barn PVC light + slate roofed barn was most desirable, and vinyl roofed one the least.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.200-205
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• 2001

In this study, occurrence of aflatoxin M$_1$(AEM$_1$) in domestic milk and milk products was determined. The level of AFM$_1$ in market milk (0.047 ppb) was lower than that in raw milk (0.083 pub) but this looks like that is due to dilution in collecting process rather than the effect of sterilization. In the case of nonfat dry milk, level of AFM$_1$appeared high by 0.24 ppb but it is thought to be not different from market milk actually because nonfat dry milk is diluted at intake. In the case of ice cream, finished products were contaminated with AFM$_1$of 0.020 ppd and also have the possibility of the contamination of AFB$_1$due to secondary raw material such as nuts and almond. On the basis of the results of this study and previous studies, Monte-Carlo simulation is conducted to estimate the contamination level of AFM$_1$in domestic market milk. To consider uncertainty and variability fitting procedure was passed through. And we used beta distribution to estimate the prevalence and triangular distribution to estimate the concentration level of AFM$_1$in milk. As a result, the 5%, 50% and 95% points of the distribution of the probability of AFM$_1$contamination level in milk is 0.0214, 0.0946 and 0.1888 ppb, respectively. Also we estimate that AFM$_1$in almost milk was low more than 0.5 ppb that is American acceptable level but 80.4% exceeded far 0.05 ppb that is European standard.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.723-728
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• 2009

In this study, the effects of feeding providing Holstein cows with with TMR feed including amended with undried citrus byproducts on the properties of their raw milk were investigated. Two samples were used for the experiment: T0 (raw milk produced by dairy cows fed with TMR feed not including citrus byproducts) and T1 (raw milk produced by cows fed with TMR feed including citrus byproducts). The All experiments were conducted with Holstein cows at a dairy farm in the on Jeju island, and were repeated three times, in each, after of which raw milk obtained from 7 cows of each samplein each group was analyzed[ED highlight - please ensure this is correct]. The daily milk yield and somatic cell numbers of T0 and T1 were 24.16 kg and 25.97 kg, and 660,000 thousands and 445,000 thousands, respectively, which means that feeding citrus byproducts to cows increases daily milk yield and reduces somatic cell numbers. There was were no significant differences between T0 and T1 in terms of the raw milk's total plate count, specific gravity, titration acidity, and or the amount of milk protein, lactose, nonfat solids, free amino acids and volatile compounds, while raw milk in T1 showed significantly lower levels of milk fat in raw milk. The antioxidant activity of raw milk was improved by citrus byproducts TMR feed containing citrus byproducts.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.163-168
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• 2003

This study was carried out to estimate the effects of environmental factors on the activities and rectal temperatures(heat tolerance) of Holstein dairy cows in a summer season. An activity-meter(Alpro system$^{\circledR}$) was used to record activities of 77 cows for 24 hours. The feeding standards for milking and dry cow were formulated with concentrates and corn silages based on the NRC(1998). Cows to check temperature were kept in stanchions and temperature was checked in rectum. Ambient temperature was $29.0^{\circ}C$ between 1 p.m. and 3 p.m. of the day. The rectal temperatures were affected by parities and status of milking or dry(p<0.01). The activities recorded between 9 a.m. and 12 a.m., and between 1 p.m. and 4 p.m. were not effected by the status of lactating and dry. The rectal temperature of lactating cow was 39.0${\pm}0.03^{\circ}C$, it was higher than dry cow(38.6${\pm}0.04^{\circ}C$). A higher activity of cow under third parity at 1 p.m. to 4 p.m. was observed comparing with fourth and above. The activities were tended to decrease with an increase of parity. Rectal temperature was negatively correlated with milk compositions, which were fat, protein, solid-not-fat and total solid except lactose.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.567-573
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• 2005

This study aims to evaluate the antioxidative activities of cow-milk kefir and goat-milk kefir. Antioxidative mechanisms, including radical-scavenging effects, ferrous-ion chelating ability, reducing power and antioxidant activity, were investigated herein. Kefirs demonstrated significantly greater scavenging effects upon 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide radicals, an inhibition effect upon linoleic-acid peroxidation, and more substantial reducing power, but reduced glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity than was the case for milks. There was no significant difference between milks and kefirs as regards ferrous-ion chelating ability and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. These findings have demonstrated that kefirs possess antioxidant activity, thereby suggesting that kefirs are potential candidates for the role of useful natural antioxidant supplements for the human diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.461-464
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• 1996

The data on milk yield of 1837 healthy dairy cows of different genetic groups raised in Central Cattle Breeding and Dairy farms, Savar, Dhaka for the period from 1978 to 1992 were analyzed from first to 6th lactation. The mean (SE) milk yields of 100 days, 305 days, total lactation and total life time ($928{\pm}48.6kg$, $2,188{\pm}201.81kg$, $2,661{\pm}385.46kg$ and $11,134{\pm}2,916kg$) respectively, were in pure bred Friesian found to be highest among all genetic groups. The corresponding means in indigenous cows, $334{\pm}12.92kg$, $946{\pm}64.44kg$, $635{\pm}16.31kg$ and $3,934{\pm}402.21kg$ were the lowest. Among the $F_1$, $F_2$ and $F_3$ cross-breds, the $F_1$ half bred Friesian showed the highest performance in milk yield. The half bred Friesian in successive generations yielded low milk. Similar trend was obtained incase of cross-bred with other breeds such as Jersey, Sindhi and Sahiwal. From the over all results, it can be concluded that the performance in respect to milk yield of pure bred Friesian and their $F_1$ half bred with indigenous and Sahiwal were superior over the $F_2$ or $F_3$ cross-breds between Fresian and any other breed irrespective of proportion of blood. The performance in respect to production of indigenous local cow was found to be almost similar with that of Sahiwal breed.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.515-532
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• 2018

Light is an essential and powerful element to animals. A light-emitting diode (LED) is most efficient in terms of economic benefits. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of LED lighting time on milk production, milk composition, and the immune response of Holstein cows. Forty lactating cows were assigned to four experimental groups: control; natural daylight, treatment; am3-6, pm6-12 and pm6-am6. We found that there was no significant effect on the decrease ratio in milk production among the groups. Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) was significantly decreased in pm6-am6 and pm6-12 than the control. With regard to the hemolytic biochemical analysis, GLU was significantly increased and CRE, T-BIL were significantly decreased in the pm6-12 than the control. IGF-1 levels were significantly increased in pm6-12 compared to other groups. Besides, cortisol was significantly lowered in the pm6-12 than the control, while prolactin, IgA and IgG were not significant among the groups. In addition, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were also significantly increased in pm6-12 than the control. However, antioxidant enzyme activity and superoxide dismutase were not significant among the experimental groups. Therefore, it was concluded that LED lighting time had some impact on blood parameters and immune responses in dairy cows without any changes in milk production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.980-989
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• 2005

The influence of treated, extruded, partially expelled soybean meals as undegradable protein and bypass fat sources on lactation performance and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows was studied. Experiment 1: nine cows were used in a replicated 3${\times}$3 Latin square design with each period being 3 wk in duration. Cows were fed 440 g/kg forage and 560 g/kg grain diet with one of three extruded soybean meals fed at 110 g/kg of the diet. The 3 soybean meals were 1) twice-extruded soybean meal (ESM; as a control); 2) lignosulfonate-treated, twice-extruded soybean meal (LSM); and 3) calcium oxide plus lignosulfonate-treated, twice extruded soybean meal (CLSM). Experiment 2: 3 ruminally cannulated cows were used in a 3${\times}$3 Latin square to study the treatment influence on ruminal fermentation characteristics. Feeding treated soybean meal to cows in LSM and CLSM treatments did not improve feed intake, milk yield, or milk composition except that cows fed the LSM and CLSM treatments produced less milk protein compared with the ESM treatment. The proportion of $C_{18:2}$ was greater in milk fat of cows fed CLSM compared with that of cows fed the ESM or LSM treatments. Ruminal pH, ammonia, and total volatile fatty acids were not affected by treatment. An increased proportion of $C_{18:2}$ in milk fat suggests that there is a potential use of calcium salts of fatty acids in protecting the lipid portion of extruded soybean meal and further research is needed to explore this potential with full-fat extruded soybeans not with extruded and partially oil expelled soybeans.