• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.1779-1786
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• 2020

Objective: To evaluate soy sauce oil (a by-product of making whole soybean soy sauce) as a new dietary lipid source, a large amount of soy sauce oil was administered into the rumen of dairy cows. Methods: Four Holstein dairy cows fitted with rumen cannulae were used in a 56-day experiment. Ruminal administration of soy sauce oil (1 kg/d) was carried out for 42 days from day 8 to day 49 to monitor nutritional, physiological and production responses. Results: Dry matter intake and milk yield were not affected by soy sauce oil administration, whereas 4% fat-corrected milk yield and the percentage of milk fat decreased. Although ruminal concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and the proportion of individual VFA were partially affected by administration of soy sauce oil, values were within normal ranges, showing no apparent inhibition in rumen fermentation. Administration of soy sauce oil decreased the proportions of milk fatty acids with a carbon chain length of less than 18, and increased the proportions of stearic, oleic, vaccenic and conjugated linoleic acids. Conjugated linoleic acid content in milk became 5.9 to 8.8 times higher with soy sauce oil administration. Blood serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid increased with administration of soy sauce oil, suggesting a higher energy status of the experimental cows. Conclusion: The results suggest that soy sauce oil could be a useful supplement to potentially improve milk functionality without adverse effects on ruminal fermentation and animal health. More detailed analysis is necessary to optimize the supplementation level of this new lipid source in feeding trials.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2013

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrogen supplementation through urea-molasses multinutrient block (UMMB) on the performance of dairy cows fed good quality forage based diets with rice straw as a night feeding. A total of 10 multiparous crossbred dairy cows in their early lactation were grouped into two categories based on their breed, parity, body weight, milk yield, milk fat and protein contents and daily fed a chopped CO-3 grass (Pennisetum purpureum ${\times}$ Pennisetum americanum; hybrid Napier) ad-libitum, 1 kg of dairy cow concentrate feed during the day time and 5 kg of rice straw (dry matter basis) at night as the basal diet (control) for 5 wk. In addition to the basal diet, the treatment group received 300 g of crushed UMMB daily throughout the experimental period. Cows were milked twice daily and the milk yields were recorded. Milk and feed samples were collected weekly for chemical analysis. Supplementation of UMMB had no significant effects (p>0.05) on straw intake, daily milk yield, contents and yields of milk constituents such as milk fat, protein, lactose and solids-non-fat. In addition, milk urea nitrogen content were not affected (p>0.05) by UMMB supplementation. However, numerical increments in all the parameters measured were observed during the study in cows fed diets supplemented with UMMB. It can be concluded that nitrogen supplied through UMMB had no effects on production performances of dairy cows in this study.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.6
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• pp.1433-1442
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• 2021

In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture fluid (SCCF) has been added to a diet of lactating dairy cows to attempt to improve the ruminal fermentation and potentially increase the dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of SCCF on the milk yield and blood biochemistry in lactating cows during the summer. Twenty-four Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: (1) total mixed ration (TMR-1) (Control); (2) TMR-1 supplemented with SCCF (T1); (3) TMR-2 (containing alfalfa hay) (T2); and (4) TMR-2 supplemented with SCCF (T3). SCCF (5 ml/head, 2.0×10⁷ CFU/mL) was mixed with TMRs daily before feeding to dairy cows. The mean daily temperature-humidity index (THI) during this trial was 76.92 ± 0.51 on average and ranged from 73.04 to 81.19. For particle size distribution, TMR-2 had a lower >19 mm fraction and a higher 8-9 mm fraction than TMR-1 (p < 0.05). The type of TMR did not influence the DMI, body weight (BW), milk yield and composition, or blood metabolites. The milk yield and composition were not affected by the SCCF supplementation, but somatic cell counts were reduced by feeding SCCF (p < 0.05). Feeding SCCF significantly increased the DMI but did not affect the milk yield of dairy cows. The NEFA concentration was slightly decreased compared to that in the control and T2 groups without SCCF. Feeding a yeast culture of S. cerevisiae may improve the feed intake, milk quality and energy balance of dairy cows under heat stress.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.110-121
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• 2022

The root of ginger (Zingiber officinale) contains gingerol, which is known to be responsible for its pharmacological activity. The essential oil extracted from ginger has been found to have various pharmacological effects. Thus, interest in the development of various beverages using ginger oil has recently increased. Therefore, in this study, the organoleptic quality assessment of cow milk, yogurt, kefir, soy milk, oat milk, and almond milk was conducted by supplementing them with oil extracted from ginger at various concentrations (supplemented with 0.5% increments from 0% up to 2%). A poor grade was obtained in the organoleptic quality evaluation, owing to the strong odor of ginger oil. However, when compared to that of the control, the samples supplemented with 0.5% ginger oil showed a good grade of organoleptic quality assessment. Therefore, this study is considered valuable as it is the first study to review the organoleptic quality assessment by supplementing milk, yogurt, kefir, soy milk, oat milk, and almond milk with ginger oil. Additionally, in order to improve organoleptic quality assessment, it is critical to estimate how much ginger oil supplementation concentration could be reduced and whether ginger oil exhibits various bio-activities at this concentration.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 1998

Purpose: To make objective standards of small intestinal mucosal changes in cow's milk-sensitive enteropathy (CMSE) we analyzed histological changes of endoscopic duodenal mucosa biopsy specimens from normal children and patients of CMSE. Methods: We review the medical records of patients who had been admitted and diagnosed as CMSE by means of gastrofiberscopic duodenal mucosal biopsy following cow's milk challenge and withdrawal. Thirteen babies with CMSE, ranging from 14 days to 56 days of age, were studied. Five non-CMSE patients were used as control, ranging from 22 days to 72 days of age. The morphometric parameters under study were villous height, crypt zone depth, ratio of villous height to crypt zone depth, total mucosal thickness and length of surface epithelium by using H & E stained specimens under the drawing apparatus attached microscope. In addition, the numbers of lymphocytes in the epithelium and eosinophil cells in the lamina propria and epithelium were measured. Results: In the duodenal mucosal biopsy specimens in CMSE we found partial and subtotal villous atrophy with an increased number of interepithelial lymphocytes. The mean villous height($135{\pm}59\;{\mu}m$), ratio of villous height to crypt zone depth ($0.46{\pm}0.28$), total mucosal thickness ($499{\pm}56\;{\mu}m$), length of surface epithelium of small intestinal mucosa ($889{\pm}231\;{\mu}m$) in CMSE was significantly decreased compared with the control (p<0.05). The mean crypt zone depth ($311{\pm}65\;{\mu}m$) was significantly greater than the control ($188{\pm}24\;{\mu}m$)(p<0.05). Infiltration of interepithelial lymphocytes ($34.1{\pm}10.5$) were significantly greater than the control ($13.6{\pm}3.6$)(p<0.05). The number of eosinophil cells in both lamina propria and epithelium was no significant differences between groups (p>0.05). The small intestinal mucosa in treated CMSE showed much improved enteropathy of villous height, crypt zone depth, interepithelial lymphocytes compared with the control as well as untreated CMSE. Conclusion: Quantitation of mucosal dimensions confirmed the presence of CMSE. It seems to be a limitation in the capacity of crypt cells to compensate for the loss of villous epithelium in CMSE. Specimens obtained by gastrofiberscopic duodenal mucosal biopsy were suitable for morphometric diagnosis of CMSE. Improvement of CMSE also can be confirmed histologically after the therapy of protein hydrolysate.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.90-97
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to determined the rate of sensitization to food allergen in children with Atopic Dermatitis (AD) in Korea. A total of 3,783 patients (male = 1983, female = 1800) with AD (age under 18 years) who had visited Samsung Medical Center from 1998 to 2003 were enrolled in the study. Food hypersensitivity was measured by specific IgE to egg, cow's milk, soy, peanut, wheat, buckwheat, beef, pork, chicken, shrimp, crab, salmon, mackerel, etc. Specific IgE levels > 0.7 kU/L. by Captured Allergen Product (CAP) assay were considered positive. Chi-square test at p value < 0.05 was used to examine the difference of the prevalence by sex and age. The rate of sensitization to multiple food allergens was 31.2% and decreased with age. Hypersensitivity to egg showed highest prevalence, which was 24.3%, compared to the prevalence of other foods. High prevalence of hypersensitivity to milk. wheat, soy, peanut, crab or shrimp was observed (11.6- 17.7%). Low prevalence of hypersensitivity to beef, pork, tuna or chicken was observed (1.9-3.5%). Children aged under 3 years had significantly higher prevalence of hypersensitivity to egg, milk, soy and beef than children aged at least 3 years. Our results stress the need for examination of food hypersensitivity aimed at identified and limited each food allergen among children with AD caused by food to help patients outgrow their food allergy.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.425-431
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• 1991

Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin$({\gamma}BST)$ on mineral composition of milk were investigated in Twenty-five multiparous Holstein dairy cows. Recombinant BST was administered by two different routes; intramusculary(12.5mg and 25mg/day) and subcutaneously (500mg and 750mg) in sustained-release vehicle every 2 weeks beginning 4 week postpartum and continuing for 7 months. Milks were collected 0,1,2,3,5 and 7 months after beginning of treatments in control and ${\gamma}BST$-administered groups. Mineral composition, such as Ca, Pi, Na, K, Mg, Zn, Fe and Mn, in milk were not affected by the administration of ${\gamma}BST$ regardless of dose and dosage forms. It is concluded from the observations of these experiments that the dose and dosage forms of ${\gamma}BST$ employed in this work might not affect milk mineral composition in dairy cows under the normal sanitary condition and adequate nutrient balance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.1094-1101
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• 2000

Thirty-six crossbred (70% Holstein Friesian) cows in mid-lactation were assigned to one of four treatments. The dietary treatments were concentrate based, containing 13.5, 27.0, 40.5 and 54.0% of cassava in concentrate replacing ground maize (16.0% CP). There were curvilinear responses to intake of organic matter, non-structural carbohydrate and metabolisable energy. Cassava and corn fed in a ratio of 50:50 maximised organic matter, metabolisable energy intake; milk yield, milk protein and lactose yield. Milk fat yield was not affected by levels of inclusion. Dietary treatment did not influence ruminal pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations or plasma glucose. The low market price for cassava resulted in a lower concentrate feed cost. The optimal level of cassava in a dairy cow diet is suggested as being between 20.0 and 30.0% of cassava in dry matter intake when fed with rice straw.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.1093-1101
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• 2003

Reproductive data, such as numbers of days to the first estrus and A.I. service postpartum, number of days to conception, number of A.I. services required for conception, interval between the first estrus and first A.I. service and the average interval of A.I. service in Thai native-Friesian crossbred and pure Friesian dairy cows, were compiled in the National Dairy Training and Applied Research Institute in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The data were analyzed statistically and the effect of milk production on these reproductive traits was investigated. The reproductive efficiency of purebred cows was obviously inferior when compared with crossbred animals, in spite of special care being given to the purebred only in order to alleviate the effect of a tropical climate and provide better feeding. However, the regression analysis between reproductive and lactational parameters revealed a definite antagonistic effect of lactation on reproduction, especially in the purebred cows, which had a larger amount of milk production and longer lactation period. If these effects of lactation were eliminated, there would be no evident difference in reproductive efficiency between purebred and crossbred cows in the conditions of this study. Among the reproductive parameters examined, the number of days to the first estrus and interval between the first estrus and first A.I. service were less affected by breed difference and the magnitude of lactation than other reasons.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.142-149
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to develop a computerized software program to help for reproductive management in dairy cows. The developed software program in the study is compatible with a window 95/98 or XP system. Data in the system were recorded, stored, and processed from two sources: 1) Data downloaded monthly from the database of the Korean Dairy Herd Improvement Association (milk yields, milk somatic cell counts, milk fat, protein, lactose and urea nitrogen content). 2) Data recorded by the farmer or veterinarians by the time (body condition score, heats, inseminations, veterinary diagnosis and treatments). These data indices after processing by computerized dairy management system were presented by numerical or graphical display. The presented data were obtained from three dairy farms with more than 50 milking cows. The presented reports of this program using milk fat, protein, urea nitrogen, and somatic cell counts enabled the dairy producer and veterinarians to monitor the protein-energy balance and feeding management practice, and for distribution of diseases (mastitis, metabolic and reproductive disorder) in individual cows. The presented analytical reports of this program also included herd average of reproductive indices such as day to first insemination, days open, and inseminations per conception. This software program will assist in analysis, interpretation and demonstrate the results of reproductive trials conducted in dairy herds.