• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.46-64
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• 1994

Among every civilized people salt has been recognized as an essential foodstuff to the human society without which even man's survivor is unthinkable. The cultural-anthropological meaning of salt is estimated highly as well, and in geographical perspective salt itself symbolize regional interrelationship. Playing a decisive role in freeing innermost settlement from isolation, salt aiso made a contribution to expanding human habitats. This study tries to reconstruct historica geography of 18th and 19th century surrounding traditional salt-roasting (chayeom). The Joolpo Inlet area which is located on the mid-western coast in Honem Region is selected for study area. Established on the basis of optimum physical geographical conditions such as topography, climate and vegetation, salt-making of Joolpo Inlet area was run dynamically with the sudden turn of events in the 18-19th century which was chacterized as an age of transition from medieval society to modern one. In this paper the writer attempts to clarify mainly following three points: physical conditions and socio-economic background leading to the initiation and later development of roasting of salt in Joolpo Bay; distribution of saltworks; methods of saltmaking. Main points drawn from these analyses can be summarized as follows: of iron pan and cow-drawn tools rendered labour-saving and output growth. 1, Saltworks of Joolpo Inlet area in the 18-19th century were distributed evenly over Kobu, Puan, Mujang and Heungduck counties among which Kobu's was located in Puanmyon - a sort of exclave. All saltworks belonging to above four counties were clasified as most lucrative ones in Honam Region on government archives. In particular, Gumdang saltwork which belongs to Mujang county is noteworthy in that it was first introduced by one Paekje priest in 6th century and therefore it provides a clue to examine the history of salt-roasting of Joolpo Inlet area. In light of the fact that temple or monastery economy, regardless of East and West, has been closely connected with traditional industry, the case of Gumdang is not unusual. 2. The process of saltmaking follows this order: harrowing of salt field exposed to solar heat; construction of saltern mound with saline earth; acquiring of brine by leaching saline earth; roasting of salt. Salterns (saltworks) are consisted with various salt making facilities such as roasting shed, saltern mound, salt field, salt well) salt pit or brine pit) and seawater reservoir. Among them roasting shed which is constructed chiefly with hundreds of pieces of pine tree as a frame and with straw as roof and wall is customarily considered as an unit of saltwork. And inside it is saltpan made of two kinds of materials, that is iron pan or plaster pan. The area attached to one unit of roasting shed is approximately 1 ha, and that of saltern mound is a tenth of it.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.1681-1690
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• 2000

A study on energy and protein utilization, and milk production of Bali cows on grass-legume diets was carried out using 12 first lactation cows (initial BW $263.79{\pm}21.66kg$) during a period of 16 weeks starting immediately post calving. The animals were randomly allotted into 4 dietary treatment groups R1, R2, R3 and R4, receiving from the last 2 months of pregnancy onwards, graded improved rations based on a mixture of locally available grass and legume feed ad libitum. R1 contained on a DM basis 70% elephant grass (PP, Penisetum purpureum) plus 30% Gliricidia sepia leaves (GS), R2 was 30% PP plus 55% GS supplemented with 15% Hibiscus tilliactus leaves (HT, defaunating effect), R3 and R4 were 22.5% PP+41.25% GS+11.25% HT+25% concentrate, where R3 was not and R4 supplemented with zinc di-acetate. TDN, CP and zinc contents of the diets were 58.2%, 12.05% and 18.3 mg/kg respectively for R1, 65.05%, 16.9% and 25.6 mg/kg respectively for R2, 66.03%, 16.71% and 29.02 mg/kg respectively for R3 and 66.03%, 16.71% and 60.47 mg/kg respectively for R4. Milk production and body weight were monitored throughout the experimental period. In vivo body composition by the urea space technique validated by the body density method and supported by carcass data was estimated at the start and termination of the experiment. Nutrient balance and rumen performance characteristics were measured during a balance trial of 7 days during the 3rd and 4th week of the lactation period. Results indicated that quality of ration caused improvement of ruminal total VFA concentration, increments being 52 to 65% for R2, R3 and R4 above R1, with increments of acetate being less (31 to 48%) and propionate being proportionally more in comparison to total VFA increments. Similarly, ammonia concentrations increased to 5.24 to 7.07 mM, equivalent to 7.34 to 9.90 mg $NH_3-N/100ml$ rumen fluid. Results also indicated that feed quality did not affect DE and ME intakes, and heat production (HP), but increased GE, UE, energy in milk and total retained energy (RE total) in body tissues and milk. Intake-, digestible- and catabolized-protein, and retained-protein in body tissues and milk (Rprot) were all elevated increasing the quality of ration. Similar results were obtained for milk yield and components with mean values reaching 2.085 kg/d (R4) versus 0.92 kg/d (R1) for milk yield, and 170.22 g/d (R4) vs 71.69 g/d (R1), 105.74 g/d (R4) vs 45.35 g/d (R1), 101.34 g/d (R4) vs 46.36 g/d (R1) for milk-fat, -protein, and -lactose, respectively. Relatively high yields of milk production was maintained longer for R4 as compared to the other treatment groups. There were no significant effects on body mass and components due to lactation. From the relationship $RE_{total}$ (MJ/d)=12.79-0.373 ME (MJ/d); (r=0.73), it was found that $ME_{m}=0.53MJ/kgW^{0.75}.d$. Requirement of energy to support the production of milk, ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 kg/d, follows the equation: Milk Prod. ($Q_{mp}$, kg/d)=[-2.48+4.31 ME($MJ/kg^{0.75}.d$)]; (r=0.6) or $Q_{mp}$=-3.4+[0.08($ME-RE_{body\;tissue}$)]MJ/d]; (r=0.94). The requirement for protein intake for maintenance ($IP_m$) equals $6.19 g/kg^{0.75}.d$ derived from the relationship RP=-47.4+0.12 IP; (r=0.74, n=9). Equation for protein requirement for lactation is $Q_{nl}$=[($Q_{mp}$)(% protein in milk)($I_{mp}$)]/100, where $Q_{nl}$ is g protein required for lactation, $Q_{mp}$ is daily milk yield, Bali cow's milk-protein content av. 5.04%, and $I_{mp}$ is metabolic increment for milk production ($ME_{lakt}/ME_{m}=1.46$).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.318-328
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• 1987

The results of experiment to review the optimum pasteurization condition for the raw milk produced in Korea by using UHT procedure of $100-145^{\circ}C$, the changes in chemical composition, microbiological aspects and the keeping quality of the heat treated milk are summarized as follows: 1. In UHT milk sterilized at $100-145^{\circ}C$, the pH value decreased from 6.55 to 6.33 but protein, fat, lactose and ash did not show significance changes while casein nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen increased but non-casein nitrogen and filterable nitrogen decreased. 2. Calcium content decreased gradually from 119.8 mg/100 g of raw milk to 75.75 mg/100 g at $145^{\circ}C$ as the heat treatment increased and vitamin C decreased rapidly from 1.37 mg/100 ml to 0.82 mg/ 100 ml while artificial digestibility increased from 14.07% of raw milk to 26.0% as the heat treatment increased. 3. As the heat treatment increased, microorganism counts decreased to $0.5{\times}10^2/ml$ and were not found above $135^{\circ}C$ - coliforms and psychrotrophic bacteria from $100^{\circ}C$ thermoduric bacteria, thermophiles, mould and yeast from $125-130^{\circ}C$. Heat treatment above $135^{\circ}C$ showed 100% sterilization effect. 4. The result of preservation test for heat treated milk did not show any significant changes in titratable acidity and general composition at $4^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$ up to 15 days. Viable bacteria counts, coliforms and psychrotrophic bacteria were not found but loss of vitamin and increase in viable bacteria counts appeared after 20 days.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.309-317
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• 1987

The raw milk produced in Korea was heated at $70^{\circ}C$, $75^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$, $85^{\circ}C$, $90^{\circ}C$, $95^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C/15sec.$. The changes in chemical composition and microbiological aspects of the milk were summarized as following results: 1. In high temperature pasteurized milks as the heat treatment increased, pH value decreased but protein, fat, lactose and ash did not show significant changes in their contents while casein nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen increased but non-casein nitrogen and filterable nitrogen decreased in their contents. 2. Calcium content of raw milk decreased from 119.79mg/100g to 111.86mg/100g at $75^{\circ}C$ and to 106.24mg/100g at $100^{\circ}C$. Vitamin C decreased from $1.37mg/100m{\ell}$ of raw milk to $1.15mg/100m{\ell}$ at $75^{\circ}C$ and $0.94mg/100m{\ell}$ at $100^{\circ}C$. Artificial digestibility increased as the heat treatment got higher. 3. Viable bacteria counts decreased from $9.0{\times}10^3/m{\ell}$ at $75^{\circ}C$ to $3.4{\times}10^2/m{\ell}$ at $100^{\circ}C$. Coliforms were not found at $70^{\circ}C$ and thermoduric bacteria, thermophiles, psychrotrophic bacteria, mould and yeast decreased rapidly as the heat treatment increased. 4. The results of Keeping quality test for high temperature pasteurized milk showed that the' milks preserved at $25^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$ were clotted just after 1 day but the milk preserved at $4^{\circ}C$ showed good shelf life which did not have any deterioration in titratable acidity, microorganisms and com positions.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 2004

In order to determine the effect of fermentation by the mycelia of fungal species, Formitella fraxinea and Sarcodon aspratus, on the in vitro dry matter digestibility and pH of mixtures with sawdust plus 20% wheat bran w/w, on dry matter basis to use as a feedstuff or an additive including fungal mycelium into a feedstuff. The mixtures were unfermented (UF) and fermented by Formitella fraxinea(FF) and Sarcodon aspratus(SA) for two weeks at $29^{\circ}C$ in a incubator. Fungal fermentation products were added to the basal diet to the level of 0, 1, 3 and 5%, w/w of diets each. The in vitro dry matter digestibilities, soluble sugar contents and pH of fermentation fluids were measured at 24, 48 and 72hr after fermentation begin. Neutral detergent fiber(NDF) contents in mixtures were lower for SA and UF(80.4 and 82.2%) than for FF(88.3%) (P<0.05). In vitro DM digestibility for 48h was higer for SA(21.2%) than for UF and FF(17.9 and 12.2%). The in vitro dry matter digestibility for 24hr was higher for diets added with FF 1% as 49.18%, and lower for diet added with FF 5%(43.07%) than basal diet(44.98%)(P<0.05), and tended to be higher for the diets added with fungal products. The pH of in vitro fermentation fluids for 24 and 48 hrs fermentation were lower for diets added with all FF and SA than for UF(P<0.05). However, those for 72 hrs fermentation were higher for SA 1%(6.74) than other diets(P<0.05). The soluble sugar concentration of in vitro fermentation fluid was not different between diets for 24 hr fermentation. However, those were higher for all additive diets than basal diet for 48 and 72 hrs fermentation(P<0.05). It could be concluded that dairy cow's diets added with fungal fermentation products have positive effects, and expected it will be more beneficial if more fungal mycelium was contained.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.901-916
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate natural plant extracts for methane gas reduction in ruminants. Rumen fluid was collected from cannulated Hanwoo cow ($450{\pm}30kg$) consuming 400 g/kg concentrate and 600 g/kg timothy. The 15 ml of mixture comparing McDougall's buffer and rumen fluid in the ratio 2 to 1, was dispensed anaerobically into 50 ml serum bottles. Rumen fluid contents were collected and in vitro fermentation prepared control (timothy, 300 mg), ginseng, balloon flower, yucca plant, camellia, tea plant and ogapi extracts were added at the level of 5% against 300 mg of timothy as a substrate (v/w) and incubated for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. In vitro pH values range 6.55~7.41, this range include rumen titration. The dry matter digestibility was not differ between all treatments and control. Total gas emission was significantly higher (p<0.05) in ginseng and balloon flower treatments on 24 h than in control. Carbon dioxide emission was not differ all treatments on 9 h than in control and significantly higher (p<0.05) yucca plant, camellia and tea plant treatments on 12 h than control. Methane emission was not differ all treatments on 6 h than in control. The rumen microbial growth rate was significantly higher (p<0.05) in ginseng, balloon flower on 12 h and significantly higher (p<0.05) in ginseng, yucca plant, tea plant and ogapi treatments on 24 h than in control. Total VFA was significantly higher (p<0.05) in tea plant and ogapi treatments on 12 h than in control and significantly higher (p<0.05) in ginseng, balloon flower treatments on 48 h than in control. Acetic acid was significantly lower (p<0.05) in ginseng and balloon flower treatments on 24 h than in control. Propionic acid was significantly higher (p<0.05) in ginseng and balloon flower treatments on 48 h than in control. As a results, sixth natural plant extracts had no significant effect dry matter digestibility and negative on rumen fermentation, but not effect methane reduction.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.157-163
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• 2005

Purpose: Dietary protein induced proctocolitis (DPIPC) can be considered as a cause of rectal bleeding or blood streaked stool in otherwise healthy-looking infants in the first several months of life. Failure to appreciate this entity may lead to inappropriate diagnostic or therapeutic intervention. This study aimed to ascertain the clinical features, treatment and prognosis of DPIPC. Methods: We reviewed 13 infants retrospectively, presented with bloody stool in early infancy. They were diagnosed as DPIPC clinically in Pusan National University Hospital from May 2002 to June 2004. Results: Seven males and six females were included. The mean age at onset of bleeding was $96.8{\pm}58.8days$. The mean frequency of hematochezia was $2.6{\pm}2.5$ times a day. Duration from onset of symptom to diagnosis was $35.5{\pm}55.0days$ and duration from onset of symptom to resolution of bleeding was $58.7{\pm}67.0days$. Nine (69.2%) were exclusively breast-fed infants and two (15.4%) were formula-fed infants. All but one infant did not have family history of other allergic diseases. A dietary history of ingestion of cow's milk, nut or shellfish was present in three mothers. Peripheral eosinophil count was normal to slightly elevated (total WBC count $10,555{\pm}3,145/mm^3$, relative eosinophil count $6.3{\pm}3.0%$, absolute eosinophil count $659.0{\pm}532.2/mm^3$). Sigmoidoscopy revealed lymphonodular hyperplasia with surrounding hemorrhagic spots in the rectosigmoid colon in 6 infants. Histopathologic finding of colonic biopsies in 5 infants showed chronic inflammation with lymphoid follicular hyperplasia (5 infants), crypt abscess (3 infants), or mild infiltration of eosinophils (less than 20/high power field) in the lamina propria. Spontaneous resolution of rectal bleeding occurred in all infants without dietary change or medicine. Conclusion: Most infants with DPIPC experience a very benign course and have spontaneous resolution of rectal bleeding without changes in the mother's diet. In the case of strong evidence for DPIPC we suggest deferring further invasive investigation and continuing breast feeding.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.227-246
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• 1994

Present investigations were undertaken in order to clarify the clinical status of Korean native cattle and dairy cattle(holstein). Blood, Feces and urine samples were collected from 247 Korean native cattle(222 adult and 25 calf), 224 dairy cattle(211 adult and 13 calf) at Chonbuk area and analyzed for clinical, serum chemical, hematological and urinary findings. In addition, we were examined the infection rate of Theileriosis, internal patasite and ring worm. The mean value for each component was calculated by statistical analysis using Excel computer program. From these investigations the following results were obtained. The mean values for RBC, PCV and etc in 433 adult cow(Korean native cattle and dairy cattle) were similar with other reports. But the mean values for MCHC of all species were lower than normal. Adult Korean native cattle and adult dairy cattle which showed hematologically normal levels were only 9.01% and 9.48%, respectively. Ahnormally high values for PCV, RBC and Hb were recorded in 7.66% of adult Korean native cattle, 20% of Korean native calf, 15.38% of dairy calf. Adult Korean native cattle and adult dairy cattle which showed hematologically anemia were 4.95% and 19.43% respectively, but all in Korean native calf and dairy calf showed normal values. Adult Korean native cattle, adult dairy cattle, Korean native calf and dairy calf which showed normal serum protein level were 84.0%, 90.8%, 50% and 44.4%, respectively. In present investigations, 50% of Korean native calf and 55.6% of dairy calf were decreased serum protein values under normal range. These abnormally decreased serum protein values mean the shortage of antibody, and these have a possibility to occrus to pneumonia and diarrhea. From these results, the economical loss caused by pneumonia was calculated as 124, 038, 833 won in the KNC and 742, 703, 430 won in the dairy calf rearing in Chonbuk area. Calculated economical loss caused by enteritis was 56, 658, 690 won in Korean native cattle. 476, 775, 799 won in dairy calf and the total loss amount to 533, 434, 488 won in Chonbuk area. Abnormally high values($21.7{\pm}4.0mg/dl) for serum calcium were recorded 49.6% in dairy cattle. The mean values of serum total cholesterol were $170.8{\pm}99.8mg/dl in Korean native cattle, $196.0{\pm}40.6mg/dl$ in Korean native calf, $202.9{\pm}86.0mg/dl$ in adult dairy cattle and $289.4{\pm}97.5mg/dl$ in dairy calf. The infection rate of internal parasite were as follows； adult Korean native cattle：21.2%, Korean native calf：80%, adult dairy cattle：67.8%. The estimated economical loss caused by internal parasites infection were 1, 120, 855, 837 won in Korean native calf, 4, 994, 959, 405 won in adult Korean native cattle, 3, 334, 751, 066 won in adult holstein, and the total loss amount to 9, 450, 566, 308 won. The infection rate of theileriosis were 1.4% in Korean native cattle and 6.6% in dairy cattle. The presumed Economical loss by T. sergenti infection were 154, 408, 482 won in Korean native cattle and 171, 577, 237 won in dairy cattle rearing at Chonbuk area. The infection rat of ringworm were 0.5% in Korean native cattle, 0.9% in adult dairy cattle and 7.7% in dairy calf. The presumed economical loss by dermatomycophyte were 12, 061, 532 won in Korean native cattle, 16, 895, 403 won in dairy cattle, and the total estimated loss amount to 28, 955, 935 won a year in Chonbuk area. The infection rate of ringworm were 0. 5% in Korean native cattle, 0.9% in adult dairy cattle and 7.7% in dairy calf. The presumed economical loss by dermatomycophyte were 12, 061, 532 won in Korean native cattle, 16, 895, 403 won in dairy cattle, and the total estimated loss amount to 28, 955, 935 won a year in Chonbuk area.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.109-119
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• 1987

This Study was conducted to provide fundamental data necessary for the improvement of milk quality. Milk quality was evaluated by 3 methods; milk fat percent measurement, methylene blue reduction test (MBRT), and somatic cell count measurement. At the same time, condition of hygienic management of dairy facilities and cows was investigated in each of 234 dairy farms located in Gyunggi area from May, 1986 to April, 1987. The results were as follows 1. Average milk fat percents among farms were 3.67%, 3.64%, 3.43%, 3.48% in January, April, July and October, respectively. The diUerences of milk fat percent from month to month were statistically significant (p<0.005). and the seasonal average was 3.56%. 2. Numbers of farms which produced bulk milk of first grade by MBRT were 153(65.4%), 157(67.1%), 76(32.5%) and 141(60.2%) in January, April, July and October, respectively. The diUerences among months were statistically significant (p<0.005). Also, significant diUerences of grade by milking quantity (p<0.05), presence of milk cooler (p<0.01), and collection means (p<0.05) were demonstrated. 3. Number8 of farms which produced bulk milk of fir8t grade in somatic cell count measurement were 227(97.0%), 226(96.6%), 218(93.2%) and 223(95.3%) in January, April, July and October, respectively. And diUerences of grade by the pratice of teat dipping, dry cow therapy and manner in which udder washing towel was used statisticaJJy 8ignificant (p<0.01).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.1260-1266
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• 2001

The effect of protein supplementation, $O_2$ concentration and co-culture on the development of embryos produced by nuclear transfer using cultured cumulus cell was investigated. Recipient oocytes and cumulus cells were obtained from the ovaries of the slaughtered Hanwoo cows. Donor cumulus cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum at 5% $CO_2$ in air at $38.5^{\circ}C$. The 1 to 6 passages of cumulus cells were isolated and used as donor cells. The in vitro matured oocytes were enucleated and then the isolated donor cells were introduced. One $15{\mu}s$ pulse of 180 volts was applied to induce the fusion between karyoplast and cytoplast. The fused embryos were activated with $10{\mu}M$ calcium ionophore for 5 min and 2 mM 6-dimethylaminopurine for 3 h. To examine the effect of protein supplementation, nuclear transfer (NT) embryos were cultured in one of the following 4 treatments : 1) CR1aa + 3 mg/ml BSA for 7 days ; 2) CR1aa + 10% FBS for 7 days ; 3) CR1aa + 1.5 mg/ml BSA + 5% FBS for 7 days ; and 4) CR1aa + 3 mg/ml BSA for first 3 days and then CR1aa + 1.5 mg/ml BSA + 5% FBS for 4 days. Culture took place at 5% $CO_2$, 5% $O_2$ and 90% $N_2$ at $38.5^{\circ}C$. Although there were no significant differences in cleavage rate among different protein supplements, the rates of blastocyst formation were significantly different. When NT embryos were cultured in the medium supplemented with only BSA, they could develop to only morula not to blastocyst. However, when FBS was supplemented, NT embryos developed to blastocyst stage. In order to investigate the effect of $O_2$ concentration and co-culture, NT embryos were cultured in CR1aa + 1.5 mg/ml BSA + 5% FBS with or without cumulus cell co-culture at an atmosphere of 5% $CO_2$ in air (20% $O_2$) or 5% $CO_2$, 5% $O_2$, 90% $N_2$ (5% $O_2$) at $38.5^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. The percentage of blastocyst development was significantly higher when the NT embryos were cultured at an atmosphere of 5% $O_2$ than that of 20% $O_2$ (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between with and without cumulus cell co-culture at an atmosphere of 5% $O_2$ or 20% $O_2$. Fifty embryos were transferred to 25 recipients and 5 recipients were pregnant at 100 days. From 5 pregnant cows, only one cow was delivered of female twin. In conclusion, the embryos reconstructed by enucleation of metaphase II oocytes and introduction of the cycling and quiescent cumulus donor cells in Hanwoo had developmental potential to term after embryo transfer to recipient cows.