• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.787-795
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• 2013

Kefir제품으로부터 slime생성력이 우수한 Str. thermophilus LFG를 분리하여 이 유산균과 상업균주인 Str. thermophilus TH3 및 Str. thermophilus LFG와 L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LB12 혼합균주로 산양유 및 우유를 이용하여 발효유를 제조하고 제품특성을 조사하였다. 젖산 함량은 산양유 발효유(743.9-1043.8 mg/100 g)가 우유 발효유(441.6-709.9 mg/100 g)보다 높았다. 저장 중 발효유의 생균수는 Str. thermophilus LFG로 배양한 발효유에서 가장 높았다. 점도는 우유 및 산양유 발효유에서 Str. thermophilus LFG 균주를 사용한 발효유에서 가장 높았으며 Str. thermophilus TH3를 사용시에 가장 낮았다. 우유 및 산양유 발효유의 syneresis는 Str. thermophilus LFG를 이용한 발효유가 9.6-16.1%이었으나 Str. thermophilus TH3를 발효시킨 발효유는 28.2-31.8%이었다. 산양유의 향기성분으로 acetone, ethylbutanoate, ethyl-3-methyl butyrate, ethyl-2-butenoate, ethylhexanoate 등이 분리되었으며, 우유의 향기성분으로는 ethylbutanoate, acetone, 2-heptanone, acetoin 등이 분리되었다. 산양유 및 우유 발효유에서 acetic acid, butanoic acid, butanol, diethylcarbinol, acetone, diacetyl, decane, 2-methyl-3-pentanone, hexanal, 2-heptanone, acetoin, benzaldehyde, dimethyldisulfide, dimethyltrisulfide 등 14개의 성분이 검출되었다. 관능평가에서 Str. thermophilus LFG로 발효시킨 산양유 발효유가 우유 발효유보다 전반적인 기호도와 조직감에서 높은 평가를 받았다. 특히 혼합균주를 사용한 발효유에서 가장 높았으며 풍미특성도 향상 시키는 효과를 보였다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.42-55
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• 1992

To evaluate the effect of the feeding program of brown rice flake with soy milk or cow's milk to school children in rural areas. The survey was conducted twice before and after practice of feeding in March and July of 1990. The survey covered a total of 87 children aged from 7 to 12 in Ypsuk elementary school located in remote village of Sangju county. Kyung Buk province and the branch school of Songmyun elementary school located in remote village of Goisan county. Chung Buk province. Family environment dietary intake anthropometric data and biochemical tests were examined. The results are summerized as follows: The mean balance and food diversity at lunch were significantly lower than those at breakfast and dinner. Mean daily energy and nutrient intakes were below the Korean RDA's except for intakes of niacin vitamin A and ascorbic acid Especially intake of calcium was not reached to 50% of Korean RDA's. Most of anthropometric data of subjects surveyed showed slightly higher results in summer than those in spring except for weight for height and sitting height for height. The percentage of anemic according to hematocrit criterion was not reduced during this period. however urinary urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio was improved. The conbined feeding program of brown rice flake with soy milk or cow's milk was not sufficient to support the children's growth. So the survey recommends the support of goberment to the school lunch program in the remote village.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.392-402
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• 2021

Purpose: The present study assessed the role of an amino acid-based formula (AAF) in the growth of infants with cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA). Methods: Non-breastfed, term infants aged 0-6 months with symptoms suggestive of CMPA were recruited from 10 pediatric centers in China. After enrollment, infants were started on AAF for two weeks, followed by an open food challenge (OFC) with cow's milk-based formula (CMF). Infants with confirmed CMPA remained on AAF until 9 months of age, in conjunction with a cow's milk protein-free complementary diet. Body weight, length, and head circumference were measured at enrollment and 9 months of age. Measurements were converted to weight-for-age, length-for-age, and head circumference-for-age Z scores (WAZ, LAZ, HCAZ), based on the World Health Organization growth reference. Results: Of 254 infants (median age 16.1 weeks, 50.9% male), 218 (85.8%) were diagnosed with non-IgE-mediated CMPA, 33 (13.0%) tolerated CMF, and 3 (1.2%) did not complete the OFC. The mean WAZ decreased from 0.119 to -0.029 between birth and enrollment (p=0.067), with significant catch-up growth to 0.178 at 9 months of age (p=0.012) while being fed the AAF. There were no significant changes in LAZ (0.400 vs. 0.552; p=0.214) or HCAZ (-0.356 vs. -0.284; p=0.705) from the time of enrollment to age 9 months, suggesting normal linear and head growth velocity. Conclusion: The amino acid-based study formula, in conjunction with a cow's milk proteinfree complementary diet, supported normal growth till 9 months of age in a cohort of Chinese infants with challenge-confirmed non-IgE-mediated CMPA.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1184-1187
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• 1996

우유 중에 존재할 수 있는 발암성 진균독소의 하나인 $aflatoxin{\;}M_1{\;}(AFM_1)$을 신속, 간편하게 분석할 수 있는 효소면역측정법(ELISA)을 개발하고자 하였다. 소혈청알부민에 공유결합한 $AFM_1\;(AFM_1-BSA)$을 토끼에 면역하여 항체를 생산하고 정제하였다. 이 항체의 유사독소와의 교차반응율은 29.9%이하의 비교적 낮은 교차율을 나타냈다. $AFM_1$의 검출을 위하여 확립한 직접경합ELISA (cdELISA)로 우유에 인위적으로 오염시킨 $AFM_1$을 정제과정없이 ELISA로 분석하는 경우, 우유를 PBS로 40%되게(2:3) 희석하였을 때 양호한 회수율을 보였다. 이 조건하에서 행한 ELISA의 $AFM_1$분석 회수율은 0.3-3.0 ng/ml의 오염농도 범위에서 농도별 회수율로 평균 113%, 그 분산은 8.2%였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 ELISA system은 우유 중의 0.5 ppb이상의 $AFM_1$을 정제과정없이 손쉽게 분석하는데 유용할 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.59-73
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• 2000

The purposes of this study were to determine the factors that influence consumer concerns for safety to cow's milk produced using food-related biotechnology and to find the similarity and difference among concern factors relating short-term and long-term risk perception. Telephone interviews were conducted and the data were collected from households(n=1,466) nationwide in the U.S. And the data were analyzed by probit model and LIMDEP softare package. The data demonstrated that consumers were concerned about food safety from consuming milk produced using food-related biotechnology. The concerns were found to be influenced by demographic factors(gender in short-term, gender and age in long-term) as well as psychological aspect such as outrage(heard about bGH, milk belief about naturalness, expected benefit in short-term, heard about bGH, expected benefit in long-term) and attitudinal factors(animal rights group, locus of control in short-term, animal rights group, cancer history, locus of control in long-term). The results suggest that consumers have concerns for safety to cow's milk produced by biotechnology and the most factors influencing consumer concerns were similar between short-term and long-term period, though a few factors such as cancer history, milk belief about naturalness and age were different.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.93-98
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• 2013

For purposes of substantiation of organizing measures on industrial processing of goat's and sheep's milk in Mongolia and the production of dairy products we have conducted the studied physico-chemical characteristics of the Mongolian goat's and sheep's milks especially to recognize amino acids, minerals and vitamins in the milk and compare with the Mongolian cow's milk. And also was studied fractional structure of goat's milk whey proteins.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.248-252
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• 2011

Soy protein based formula (SPF) has been developed for infants who are at a high risk for atopic dermatitis (AD) and cow's milk protein allergy (CMA). We performed this study to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of SPF compared to conventional hydrolyzed cow's milk formula (hCMF) in the feeding of infants with AD and CMA. 38 infants (12 to 24 months of age) diagnosed with CMA and AD were randomized to receive either SPF or hCMF for 12 weeks. Follow-up was conducted at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Growth parameters of the infants were evaluated during each visit. Clinical evaluations, including AD severity scores, pruritus, specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) (cow's milk protein and soy protein) levels of peripheral blood, were made at enrollment and week 12. Analysis was performed on the 32 infants (SPF: n=16, hCMF: n=16) who completed the 12-week intervention. Eczema area and severity index (EASI) scores, a measure of the severity of AD, and pruritus were significantly reduced after 12 weeks compared to enrollment in the both groups; however, the median changes for EASI scores and pruritus were not statistically different between the two groups. The growth parameters did not differ significantly between both groups at any assessed time point. This study suggests that SPF could be useful in decreasing the severity of AD without affecting infant growth status. Therefore SPF could provide an adequate and safe alternative to hCMF in treating infants with AD and CMA during the first 12 to 24 months of their life.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.84-90
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• 1989

Allergic disorders may be defined as the abnormal reactions to proteins. Cow milk is the first foreign protein which the human being would contact postnatally. Serveral studies suggested that this contact had certain effects on the development o allergic disorders with great controlversies. Seven hundred seventy eight students from middle class in Seoul, aged 6 to 17 wears, were surveyed to delineate the relationshpis between the cow's milk contacts in infancy and the subsequent development of allergic disorders in Koran population. Questionaire were included the nursing patterns in infancy, the past medical history of asthma or wheezy bronchitis and the presence of infantile eczema. Skin tests to three common resporatory allergens in Korea(house dust, house dust mite; D. farinae, D. ptoeronssinus) were performed. The positivity was determined by the wheal size larger than that to histamine. 70.2% of whole mateials was fed by breast milk, 13.1% by cow's milk and 16.7% by mixed nutsing. From the obsevation of nursing patterns by (table 2), we find that the number of breast milk group has been decreasing in 1970's. 10.1% of breast milk group(BMG) had wheezy bronchitis, 8.8% of cow's milk group(CMG) and 11.5% of mixed nursing group(MNG). Infantile eczema history was positive in 27.8% of BMG, in 26.5% of CMG and in 29% of MNG. Skin test positivity was 23.8% in BMG, 25.5% in CMG and 26.2% in MNG. There prevalences of allergic disorders in each nursing group did not reveal any statistically significant differences. In conclusion, nursing patterns in infancy do not seem to have certain effects on the development of allergic disorders such as infantile eczema. wheezv bronchitis or skin test positivity.

• Near Infrared Analysis
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2001

Nowadays, medical diagnostics is efficiently supported by clinical chemistry and near infrared spectroscopy is becoming a new dimension, which has shown high potential to provide valuable information for diagnosis. The investigation was carried out to study the influence of mammary gland inflammation, called mastitis, on cow´s milk spectra and milk composition measured by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Milk somatic cell counts (SCC) in milk were used as a measure of mammary gland inflammation. Naturally occurred variations with milk composition within lactation and in the process of milking were included in the experimental design of this study. Time series of unhomogenized, raw milk spectral data were collected from 3 cow along morning and evening milking, for 5 consecutive months, within their second lactation. In the time of the trial, the investigated cows had periods with mammary gland inflammation. Transmittance spectra of 258 milk samples were obtained by NIRSystem 6500 spectrophotometer in 1100-2400 nm region. Calibration equations for the examined milk components were developed by PLS regression using 3 different sets of samples: samples with low somatic cell count (SCC), samples with high SCC and combined data set. The NIR calibration and prediction of individual cow´s milk fat, protein, and lactose were highly influenced by the presence of mil samples from animals with mammary gland inflammation in the data set. The best accuracy of prediction (i.e. the lower SEP and the higher correlation coefficient) for fat, protein and lactose was obtained for equations, developed when using only “healthy” samples, with low SCC. The standard error of prediction increased and correlation coefficient decreased significantly when equations for low SCC milk were used to predict examined components in “mastitis” samples with high SCC, and vice versa. Combined data set that included samples from healthy and mastitis animals could be used to build up regression models for screening. Further use of separate model for healthy samples improved milk composition measurement. Regression vectors for NIR mild protein measurement obtained for “healthy” and “mastitic” group were compared and revealed differences in 1390-1450 nm, 1500-1740 nm and 1900-2200 nm regions and thus illustrated post-secretory breakdown of milk proteins by hydrolytic enzymes that occurred with mastitis. For the first time it has been found that monitoring the spectral differences in water bands at 1440 nm and 1912 nm could provide valuable information for inflammation diagnosis.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.477-485
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• 1997

This study was conducted to determine the effect of large amounts of whole cow's milk intake on serum levels of minerals and lipids. Subjects were normal infants who were brought to the pediatric hospital for vaccination at the age of 7-26 months after birth, living in Eumsung-Choongbuk area. The serum concentrations of the imnerals(calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper), lipids and fatty acids composition were analyzed in 38 infants which consumed large amount of whole cow's milk(over 700ml/day). The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1) The mean levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the serum of the total subjects were 7.56$\pm$0.51mg/dl, 11.12$\pm$0.72mg/dl and 1.62$\pm$0.13mg/dl respectively. The serum concentrations of iron, zinc and copper in total subjects averaged 72.42$\pm$1.62$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 76.29$\pm$3. 62$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl and 86.44$\pm$2.98$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl respectively. 2) The mean serum concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL in the total number of subjects were 96.84$\pm$9.22mg/dl, 133.45$\pm$6.30mg/dl, 32.79$\pm$1.77mg/dl and 81.29$\pm$4.81mg/dl respectively. 3) The average percentages of SFA, MUFA and PUFA inth total serum fatty acids were 38.98$\pm$2.42$\%$, 25.82$\pm$0.98$\%$ and 37.30$\pm$1.09$\%$ respectively and the mean$w6/w3$fatty acids ratio was 13.48. In general, the levels of serum minerals and $\omega$3 fatty acid composition in the subjects of this study, who were whole cow's milk fed infants were lower than those reported in breast milk or formula fed infants. Therefore, the intake of large amount of whole cow's milk in the weani ng period should be controlled and adequate for the infant's nutritional status. (Korean J Community 2(4) : 477-485, 1997)