• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제27권4호
• /
• pp.587-591
• /
• 2014

Automatic milking systems (AMS) rely upon voluntary cow traffic (the voluntary movement of cattle around a farm) for milk harvesting and feed consumption. Previous research on conventional milking systems has shown differences between dairy cow breeds for intake and milk production, however, the ability to manipulate voluntary cow traffic and milking frequency on AMS farms through breed selection is unknown. This study investigated the effect of breed (Holstein Friesian versus Illawarra) on voluntary cow traffic as determined by gate passes at the Camden AMS research farm dairy facility. Daily data on days in milk, milk yield, gate passes and milking frequency for 158 Holstein Friesian cows and 24 Illawarra cows were collated by month for the 2007 and 2008 years. Illawarra cows had 9% more gate passes/day than Holstein cows over the duration of the study; however, the milking frequency and milk yield of both breeds were similar. Gate passes were greatest for both breeds in early lactation and in the winter (June to August) and summer (December to February) seasons. These findings highlight an opportunity to translate increased voluntary cow movement associated with breed selection into increased milking frequencies, milk production and overall pasture-based AMS performance.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제23권5호
• /
• pp.837-844
• /
• 1994

In order to making the good quality soybean cheese, it is prepared byover growing cow's milk added soybean curd with Actinomucor elegans and the nold-overgrown curd soked in salt-brine/ethanol mixture. The physicochemical changes and sensory evaluation were investigated during the aging period. Crude protein, carbohydrate, crude fat ash contents of the pehtze were increased by elapsing the fermentation time, whereas moisture's decreased . Amino-N and ammonia -N contents of cow's milk added pehtze and soybean phetze were increased 17.25%, 7.23% and 16.16%, 8.42% respectively. Total nitrogen content of the pehtze was decreased by elaping the aging time but soaking solution's increased. Free amino acid content of soybean cheese was increased as a result of the proteolytic action of molds. As a result, sulfur containing amino acid such as methionine and cysteine of the cow's milk added soybean cheese were enriched 1.3 times more than the soybean cheese. Flavor, taste and texture of the cow's milk added soybean cheese were higher than soybean cheese.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.22-26
• /
• 2017

Purpose: The diagnosis of cow's milk (CM) allergy is a challenge. The Cow's Milk-related-Symptom-Score ($CoMiSS^{TM}$) was developed to offer primary health care providers a reliable diagnostic tool for CM related symptoms. The predictive prospective value of the $CoMiSS^{TM}$ was evaluated in three clinical trials. Methods: Pooled analyses of the three studies were conducted based on regressing the results of the month-1 challenge test on the month-1 $CoMiSS^{TM}$, adjusting for baseline $CoMiSS^{TM}$ using a logistic regression model. In addition a logistic regression model was also fitted to the month-1 challenge test result with the change in $CoMiSS^{TM}$ from baseline as a predictor. Results: Results suggest that infants having a low $CoMiSS^{TM}$ (median, 5) after 1 month dietary treatment free from intact CM protein have a significant risk of having a positive challenge test (odds ratio, 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-0.93; p=0.002). Pooled data suggest that the change in $CoMiSS^{TM}$ from baseline to month-1 can predict CM related symptoms as a confirmed diagnosis according to the challenge test at month-1. However, in order to validate such a tool, infants without CM related symptoms would also need to be enrolled in a validation trial. A concern is that it may not be ethical to expose healthy infants to a therapeutic formula and a challenge test. Conclusion: Pooled data analysis emphasizes that the $CoMiSS^{TM}$ has the potential to be of interest in infants suspected to have CM-related-symptoms. A prospective validation trial is needed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제8권5호
• /
• pp.481-487
• /
• 1995

A survey of physical inputs was conducted on the total population of dairy farms supplying milk to the Rewa cooperative dairy company in Fiji. The critical inputs associated with total farm milk production were determined using multiple regression, with analyses being conducted for each of the three identified supplier groups, bulk milk, canned milk and cream. Mean annual milk production per cow averaged 1460 (s.d. = 319), 889 (s.d. = 321) and 800 (s.d. = 451) litres for the bulk milk, canned milk and cream suppliers respectively. Stocking rate averaged 1.37 (s.d. = 1.18) cows per hectare over all farms. Inputs to pasture were universally low and Navua sedge (Cyperus aromaticus) was identified as a major weed. The average amount of supplement fed annually on a grain equivalent basis was 700 (s.d. = 984) kg per cow for bulk milk, 84 (s.d. = 198) kg per cow for canned milk and 146 (s.d. = 542) kg per cow for cream suppliers. The analysis of data from a small group of farms using nitrogen fertiliser indicated that their production levels were higher than the general population. This suggests that there is potential for the Fijian dairy industry to increase milk production through the use of higher inputs to cows and pastures. The regression models relating annual milk production from farms to the two key inputs of number of cows milked and the amount of supplement fed were all significant (p < 0.001). The coefficients of determination for these models ranged from 56.9 to 89.4 percent.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.437-442
• /
• 1993

두유에 우유를 각각 10, 20, 30, 40, 50%(v/v) 첨가하고 두부를 제조하여 일반성분의 함량변화, 수율과 pH 변화, 관능검사, 견고성, 무기이온 함량의 변화 및 amino acid 조성을 조사 비교하였다. 수분함량은 우유첨가로 다소 감소하는 경향을, 당, 지방, 단백질, 회분의 함량은 우유의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 증가하였고 pH 값은 우유의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라서 높아졌다. 두부의 무게와 용적은 우유의 첨가량에 비례적으로 증가하였다. 굳기는 우유 첨가량에 비례하여 증가하였으며 금속이온의 함량변화는 우유의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 비례적으로 $Ca^{＋＋}$, $K^{＋}$, $Na^{＋}$는 증가한데 반하여 $Mg^{＋＋}$, Fe$^{＋＋}$는 감소하였다. 관능평가에서 색감은 우유의 첨가량이 증가할수록 식감과 냄새 그리고 맛은 30~40%의 우유 첨가에서 평점이 높았다. 함황아미노산의 함량은 우유 10, 20, 30, 40, 50% (v/v) 합한 경우 각 대조구(0%)에 대하여 1.51, 1.58, 1.67, 1.85, 1.95배 증가되었다. 즉 두유에 우유를 첨가하여 두부를 만들 경우 기존 두부의 품질에 큰 변화없이 두부의 단백질이 강화되었고 부수적으로 맛도 구수하게 향상되는 결과를 얻었다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.47-53
• /
• 2001

목 적: 우유 과민성 장병증(cow's milk-sensitive enteropathy, CMSE)은 글루텐 과민성 장병증과는 달리 일시적인 질환으로 알려져 있다. CMSE의 장기 추적관찰을 통하여 우유 및 타 음식에 대한 내성 시기, 발현 증상, 알레르기 질환 동반 유무, 가족력 등을 파악하여 환자에 대한 예후설명, 수유방법의 변화시기와 이유식의 이용 등 향후 식이 조절에 대한 지침을 마련하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1992년 3월부터 1997년 3월까지 대구가톨릭대학병원 소아과에서 성장장애와 설사를 주소로 내원하여, 우유 유발 및 제거시험, 소장 생검조직의 형태학적 계측을 통하여 CMSE로 진단받은 후 추적 관찰과 전화 설문이 가능하였던 21명을 대상으로 하였다. 입원당시 연령은 $30.7{\pm}8.8$ (18~47)일, 설문당시는 $43.4{\pm}23.7$ (16~84)개월이였다. 생후 6개월까지는 절대적으로 단백가수 분해물을 수유하게 하였으며, 추후 2개월 간격으로 유발시험을 시행하는 치료 계획서를 작성 이용하였다. 결 과: 1) 우유를 먹여도 내성을 보였던 최종 연령은 $12.6{\pm}3.7$ (6~24)개월이었다. 2) 나이에 적합한 식이 가능한 모든 식품에 내성을 보였던 연령은 $15.5{\pm}3.7$ (10~24)개월이었다. 3) 우유 유발시험에 따라 관찰된 유해반응 19회 중 구토(31%), 설사(31%), 보챔 혹은 기면(21%), 발진(10%), 복부팽만(5%)의 증세를 보였다. 4) 입원당시 혈중 IgE와 우유 RAST에 양성을 보인 5명과 음성을 보였던 16명을 비교하여 우유 및 타 식품에 대한 내성 시기(p>0.05), 타 알레르기 질환의 발현 유무, 알레르기 가족력에서 의미 있는 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 결 론: CMSE는 2세 이내에 임상적으로 완전한 회복을 보인다. 우유에 대하여 61%에서 1세까지, 전례에서 2세 전까지 내성을 보여 영유아기의 일시적 질환으로 판단된다. 타 식품에 대한 알레르기 발현은 특정 음식보다는 개인에 따른 다양한 음식물에서 발생하며, 전례에서 2세까지 내성을 보인다. 진단 당시 우유 RAST, 혈중 IgE의 상승과 우유 및 타 식품에 대한 내성의 발현 시기와는 무관하다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제64권3호
• /
• pp.531-538
• /
• 2022

In Italy, buffalo mozzarella is a largely sold and consumed dairy product. The fraudulent adulteration of buffalo milk with cheaper and more available milk of other species is very frequent. In the present study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), in combination with multivariate analysis by partial least square (PLS) regression, was applied to quantitatively detect the adulteration of buffalo milk with cow milk by using a fully automatic equipment dedicated to the routine analysis of the milk composition. To enhance the heterogeneity, cow and buffalo bulk milk was collected for a period of over three years from different dairy farms. A total of 119 samples were used for the analysis to generate 17 different concentrations of buffalo-cow milk mixtures. This procedure was used to enhance variability and to properly randomize the trials. The obtained calibration model showed an R² ≥ 0.99 (R² cal. = 0.99861; root mean square error of cross-validation [RMSEC] = 2.04; R² val. = 0.99803; root mean square error of prediction [RMSEP] = 2.84; root mean square error of cross-validation [RMSECV] = 2.44) suggesting that this method could be successfully applied in the routine analysis of buffalo milk composition, providing rapid screening for possible adulteration with cow's milk at no additional cost.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제3권4호
• /
• pp.293-298
• /
• 1990

Pathogen infections or mastitis inflammations usually develop differently on each udder of lactating cow. Although healthy udders will be attacked by the mastitis pathogens or the pathogens from blood in a long term, they would not be always inflamed. Somatic cell counts (SCC) in milk, which is utilized as an index of mastitis diagnosis, and the relation among SCC and milk constituents will have to be examined on each udder individually. Twelve cows of a Holstein cow herd in Nasu Research Station, which were suffering clinical or non-clinical mastitis, were selected, and SCC and milk constituents on each udder milk were measured. The effects of mastitis infection on udder milk components were relatively small except lactose content on udder milks of non-clinical mastitis (SCC< $10.0{\times}10^5$ per ml milk). On udder milks of clinical mastitis, however, high negative correlations were recognized between SCC and milk components. On different sampling days, high contents of fat and protein corresponded to that of total solids.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제20권6호
• /
• pp.983-988
• /
• 2007

The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between bovine casein (CN) mRNA expression levels in mammary epithelial cells and lactation period, the yields of milk proteins and other parameters. The cells were collected from each cow's milk, which contained somatic cell counts (SCC) of less than 100,000 cells/ml. The levels of ${\alpha}s1-$, ${\alpha}s2-$, ${\beta}$- and ${\kappa}$-CN mRNA expression were significantly correlated with each other in mammary epithelial cells (p<0.01). All cows produced either less than 30 kg/day/cow or a over 30 kg/day/cow level of milk yield (MY). It was shown that the CN mRNA expression levels decreased gradually from the calving period to late lactation, when MY was over 30 kg/day/cow. The SCC tended to increase gradually during the course of lactation, but it was negatively correlated with milk protein and CN yields (p<0.01) when MY was less than 30 kg/day/cow. Moreover, there was a tendency for a negative correlation between SCC and ${\alpha}s1$-CN and ${\beta}$-CN mRNA expression level, when MY was less than 30 kg/day/cow (p<0.05).

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.154-162
• /
• 2020

Purpose: The Cow's Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMiSS^TM), which considers crying, regurgitation, stools, skin and respiratory symptoms, was developed as an awareness tool for evaluating cow's milk-related symptoms. The scoring ranges from 0 to 33. A score ≥12 was proposed as being likely cow's milk-related and suggestive of allergy to cow's milk. This study aimed to determine the age-related CoMiSS^TM values in presumed healthy infants in Poland. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in well-child clinics in two locations. Parents of the presumed healthy infants aged ≤6 months were approached during a routine checkup/vaccination visit. The exclusion criteria were as follows: presence of acute or chronic diseases, preterm delivery, treatment with therapeutic formula, and use of any food supplements (except vitamins) or medications. Results: Data from 226 infants were obtained (median age [Q1-Q3], 4 months [3-4]). The overall median (Q1-Q3) and mean (standard deviation) CoMiSS^TM values were 4 (2-7) and 4.7 (3.5), respectively. The 95th percentile was 11. Scores on some, albeit not all, components of the CoMiSS^TM significantly differed between age groups (crying, stools) or feeding type groups (stools and skin symptoms). Eleven children (4.9%) scored ≥12. Conclusion: This study adds to earlier age-related CoMiSS^TM data by providing CoMiSS^TM values in presumed healthy infants in Poland.