• 농업과학연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.295-300
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• 1987

우리나라의 각(各) 지역별(地域別), 시기별(時期別) 원유(原乳)의 화학적(化學的) 조성(組成) 및 미생물학적(微生物學的) 성상(性狀)을 확인하고자 강원(江原) 경기(京畿), 서울, 충북(忠北), 충남(忠南), 전북(全北), 전남(全南), 경북(慶北), 경남(慶南) 각(各) 지역(地域)의 우유처리장(牛乳處理場)에서 원유(原乳)를 수집(蒐集)하여 시험(試驗)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 우리나라 각(各) 지역(地域)에서 생산(生産)되고 있는 원유(原乳)의 평균조성(平均組成)은 춘계(春季)에는 수분(水分)이 88.00%, 단백질(蛋白質) 3.49%, 지방(脂肪) 3.43%, 유당(乳糖) 4.37%, 회분(灰分) 0.75%였으며 하계(夏季)에는 수분(水分)이 88.30%, 단백질(蛋白質) 3.28%, 지방(脂肪) 3.32%, 유당(乳糖) 4.26%, 회분(灰分)이 0.70%이었다. 2. 원유(原乳)의 미생물학적(微生物學的) 성상(性狀)은 춘계(春季)에는 $m{\ell}$당(當) 생균수(生菌數)가 $3.7{\times}10^6$, 대장균수(大腸菌數) $2.2{\times}10^5$, 내열성균수(耐熱性菌數) $1.4{\times}10^5$, 호열성균수(好熱性菌數) $3.3{\times}10^3$, 호냉성균수(好冷性菌數) $8.2{\times}10^5$, 곰팡이 및 효모수(酵母數)는 $1.9{\times}10^4$이었으며 하계(夏季)에는 $m{\ell}$당(當) 생균수(生菌數)가 $3.7{\times}10^6$, 대장균수(大腸菌數) $2.3{\times}10^5$, 내열성균수(耐熱性菌數) $2.3{\times}10^3$, 호열성균수(好熱性菌數) $7.5{\times}10$, 호냉성균수(好冷性菌數) $5.0{\times}10^5$, 곰팡이 및 효모수는 $1.3{\times}10^4$이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.375-386
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• 2019

Objective: We hypothesized that silage additives may alter the undigested neutral detergent fiber (uNDF) content through ensiling. Therefore, urea and formic acid were applied to corn, whole barley crop (WBC) and alfalfa to change uNDF content of the ensiled forages. Methods: Six experimental diets at two groups of high uNDF (untreated corn and alfalfa silages [CSAS] and untreated whole barley and alfalfa silages [BSAS]) and low uNDF (urea-treated corn silage+untreated alfalfa silage [$CS_UAS$], urea-treated whole barley silage+untreated alfalfa silage [$BS_UAS$], untreated corn silage+formic acid-treated alfalfa silage [$CSAS_F$], and untreated whole barley silage+formic acid-treated alfalfa silage [$BSAS_F$]), were allocated to thirty-six multiparous lactating Holstein dairy cows. Results: The untreated silages were higher in uNDF than additive treated silages, but the uNDF concentrations among silages were variable (corn silage0.05). Milk yield tended to increase in the cows fed high uNDF diets than those fed low uNDF (p = 0.10). The cows fed diet based on urea-treated corn silage had higher milk yield than those fed other silages (p = 0.05). The substitution of corn silage with the WBC silage tended to decrease milk production (p = 0.07). Changing the physical source of NDF supply and the uNDF content from the corn silage to the WBC silage caused a significant increase in ruminal $NH_3-N$ concentration, milk urea-N and fat yield (p<0.05). The cows fed diets based on WBC silage experienced greater rumination time than the cows fed corn silage (p<0.05). Conclusion: Administering additives to silages to reduce uNDF may improve the performance of Holstein dairy cows.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2002

In Korea, a need of automatic dairy farm management system has been increased to lower production cost and to strengthen international competition. However, the present management system was mostly relied on foreign technologies and caused some problems in post management and after-sales services. Therefore, though there is a problem of price and quality at present, domestic technologies of the management system should be developed for the long run. This study was conducted to develop an electronic identification unit for an automatic dairy farm management system. The developed system was consisted of a tag, a reader, a switching circuit, and a personal computer. The tag attachable to each individual cow was developed to transmit individual radio frequency(RF) code into the air with modulation of ASK(amplitude shift keying). And the switching circuit was added to avoid confusion on reception and transmittance. The reader attached to a feeding device was developed to transmit activating signal periodically and to identify code of the individual tag when the tag was approached to the device. The reader was consisted of an active filter, a detecter, a comparator and a microcontroller. The test result was feasible enough to apply it for the automatic farm management system and the identified maximum distance was about 37cm.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2009

본 연구는 홀스타인, 한국재래산양 및 한우유로부터 glycomacropeptide(GMP)를 분리하였으며, 각 GMP의 trypsin 가수분해물의 혈소판응집 억제 효과를 in vitro상에서 알아보았다. 홀스타인, 한국재래산양 및 한우의 GMP는 분자량이 모두 약 20 KDa이었으며, sialic acid 함량은 각각 $36.86{\pm}2.36$, $37.98{\pm}1.27$ 및 $31.19{\pm}1.87{\mu}g/mg$이었다. 또한 모든 개체의 GMP에서 tyrosine이 검출되었다. 홀스타인, 한국재래산양 및 한우 GMP의 trypsin 가수분해물에 의한 혈소판 응집 억제율은 반응 30초에 4.02, 5.51 및 12.77%로 각각 나타나 시간이 경과할수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 혈소판의 현미경 관찰 결과 가수분해물 첨가 후 혈소판 수가 증가하였으나, 첨가 후 30초가 경과한 시점부터 혈소판 수가 감소하기 시작하여 120초 후에는 관찰 할 수 없었다. 본 실험 결과 bovine 및 caprine GMP의 trypsin 가수분해물에서 혈소판 응집을 억제할 수 있는 small peptide가 있는 것으로 생각되며, 향후 이러한 연구는 심근경색증 및 뇌혈전증을 예방할 수 있는 생리활성 물질로 이용될 수 있을 것이라 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.1366-1376
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• 2009

Effect of sulfur (S) on utilization efficiency of fresh cassava foliage and cassava hay in dairy cows was evaluated using thirty-two $1^{st}-2^{nd}$ lactation Holstein-Friesian crossbred dairy cows. The experimental treatment was a 2${\times}$2 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) using two roughages (rice straw+fresh cassava foliage (FCF) and rice straw+cassava hay (CH)) and two elemental sulfur (S) levels (0.15 and 0.4% S of dry matter (DM)), respectively. Four dietary treatments (FCF+0.15, FCF+0.4, CH+0.15 and CH+0.4) were offered ad libitum in the form of a total mixed ration (TMR) with concentrate to roughage (chopped rice straw+chopped cassava foliage) ratio at 60:40. Fresh cassava foliage or cassava hay resulted in similar dry mater intake, rumen ecology parameters, total tract digestibility, blood chemistry, milk production and composition. However, HCN intake, blood and milk thiocyanate concentration were significantly higher (p<0.01) in cows fed fresh cassava foliage with no sign of potential toxicity. Dry matter intake, body weight changes, molar percentage of propionate in rumen, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility and nitrogen (N) retention of cows tended to be increased while DM digestibility (65.6, 72.7, 68.6 and 72.1% of total DM intake for the respective treatments), rumen bacteria population (1.4, 1.7, 1.6 and $1.7{\times}10^{11}$ cell/ml for respective treatments), fungal zoospore population (0.4, 0.6, 0.4 and $0.5{\times}10^{6}$ cell/ml for respective treatments), urinary allantoin (25.3, 28.0, 26.3 and 27.6 g/d for respective treatments), microbial N yield (136.0, 154.6, 142.8 and 151.3 g N/d for respective treatments) and milk protein content (3.4, 3.5, 3.2 and 3.5% for respective treatments) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in cows fed on supplemented sulfur at 0.4% of DM in comparison with 0.15% S-supplemented diets. Based on these results, it is concluded that cassava foliage could be used as a portion of roughage for dairy cows and supplementation of S would be nutritionally beneficial.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.373-386
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• 2004

본 연구는 해양부존사료자원으로서 미역부산물의 사료적 가치와 착유우의 산유특성에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 in vitro 반추위 발효성상(실험 1)과 산유성적 및 유지방산 조성(실험 2)을 조사하였다. 실험 1에서는 기초사료에 미역부산물(BSR;brown seaweed residues)을 0, 1, 2, 4% 수준으로 첨가하여 in vitro 배양장치에서 3, 6, 9, 12 및 24시간동안 배양한 후, rumen parameter(pH, 암모니아태 질소 및 휘발성지방산)를 조사하였다. 미역부산물의 첨가 비율의 증가는 배양시간이 지속됨에 따라 pH가 대조군에 비하여 다소 높아지는 경향을 나타내었으며, 특히 배양 9시간에 대조구(5.39)에 비하여 처리구에서 유의하게 증가하였다(P < 0.05). 그리고, 미역부산물이 반추위내 암모니아태 질소농도에도 전 배양시간에 걸쳐 유의한 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 미역부산물의 첨가는 휘발성지방산생성에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았으나, acetate 생성량은 배양 12시간에서 대조군(87.29mM)에 비하여 처리군에서 유의하게 직선적으로 증가하였고(P < 0.05), 미역부산물 4% 첨가군에서 92.70mM로서 가장 높게 나타났다. iso-butyrate는 미역부산물의 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 전반적으로 대조구에 비해 증가하는 경향을 나타내었고, iso-valerate 역시 배양 12시간과 24시간에 첨가군에서 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다(P > 0.05). 실험 2에서는 미역부산물의 착유우에 대한 산유특성을 조사한 것으로 급여량은 1일 두당 800g의 수준으로 급여하여 대조군과 비교하였다. 사료건물섭취량은 처리구에 의해 영향을 받지 않았고, 1일 산유량은 대조구에 비하여 처리군에서 유의하게 증가하였다(P < 0.05). 하지만, 유성분율과 생산량은 처리구간에 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았고, 유지방은 조성(%)과 생산량(kg)에 있어서 대조군의 3.59%와 1.06kg에 비하여 처리군에서 각각 3.32%와 1.01kg으로 다소 낮아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 우유 내에는 C16 : 0 및 C20 : 4 지방산이 대조군에 비하여 처리군에서 유의하게 증가하였고, 이는 미역부산물의 지방산 조성을 그대로 반영해 주었으며, C18계 불포화지방산의 수소 첨가현상의 최종산물인 C18 : 0의 비율 또한 유의하게 증가하였다(P < 0.05). 우유 중 C18 : 2 함량은 대조군에 비하여 처리군에서 감소하는 대신 불완전한 C18계 불포화지방산의 수소 첨가현상으로 생성되는 trans-11 C18 : 1과 CLA 함량이 다소 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이와 같이 미역부산물은 반추위내 pH를 안정시킬 뿐만 아니라 산유량 증대, 그리고 사료 내 4% 이상으로 첨가시 우유 내 CLA 함량을 증가시킬 것으로 사료되므로, 부존사료자원으로서의 잠재적 가치가 충분하다고 판단된다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.561-568
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to introduce a simple method for isolation of ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin from cow's milk, and peptides produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin with alcalase. Whey protein were precipitated from whey by ammonium sulfate and, ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin were isolated using Hi Prep 26/60 Sephacryl S-100 column gel filtration chromatography. Bovine serum albumin and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin were isolated by Mono-Q 5/50 GL column anion exchange chromatography of the 50% Ammonium Sulfate-supernatant. Isolated whey proteins were hydrolyzed by proteolytic alcalase. Tricine SDS-PAGE and reverse-phase HPLC analyses revealed that almost hydrolyzed all the ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin with alcalase. Molecular weight of various peptides derived from alcalase hydrolysate were small molecular weight than 3.5 kDa.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.65-94
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• 1993

This study examined metabolic profiles of 1349 Holstein cows from 91 commercial herds. Thirteen parameters which are consisted of twelve blood components and body condition score were examined and their mean values. standard deviations and standard limits, which are 80% confidential limits, in each lactational stage were reported. The variations of each parameter affected by season, individual milk yield, adjusted corrected milk yield of herd. and lactation number were also reported. A model of metabolic profile test applicable to this country where the average number of cows in a herd is small as to be fifteen is designed. Metabolic profiles as reflected in each parameter were discussed in relation to adequacy of dietary intake for production, milk production, reproductive performance, and diseases, and the possible measure to improve productivity of dairy cows were proposed. Much of the variation in parameters was due to differences between herds, and less to differences between seasons, differences between individual milk yield, and differences between lactational stages. As the average herd size in this country is small, it is believed that all the cows in a herd must be sampled, and the individual result of each parameter was compared with the standard limit for each lactational stage, and the percentage of cows which are outside the standard limits in a herd was calculated to use as a criteria for evaluation of the herd. Data outside the 99% confidential limits were to be deleted at first, but when the trends of the data outside the 99% confidential limits are same as the trends of the data within 99% confidential limits, the deleted data must be reviewed again, otherwise some important informations would be missed. The mean concentration of blood urea nitrogen in this study was much higher than that was reported in England, U.S.A. and Japan, and it was similar to the upper limits reported in England, U.S.A. and Japan. So it was thought that the concentration of blood urea nitrogen is improper as a criteria for protein intake. The increase of serum total protein cocentration beyond standard limits was due to increase of serum globulin concentration in most of the cows. The correlation coefficient between serum and protein and serum globulin concentration was 0.83. Serum globulin concentration was negatively related to adjusted corrected milk of herd. Serum albumin, calcium and magnessium concentrations were negatively related to adjusted corrected milk of herd, which indicate that high-producing individual or high-producing herd have not taken sufficient protein/amino acids, calcium and magnessium. Packed cell volume was negatively related to adjusted corrected milk of the herd, and the trend was same In each lactational stage. The correlation coefficient between serum and packed cell volume was 0.16 and the correlation was very weak. Blood glucose concentration was lowest in early lactational stage, which indicates negative energy balance in early lactational stage. Blood glucose concentration was negatively related to adjusted corrected milk of herd from peak to late lactational stage, which indicates negative energy balance during the period in high-producing individuals or high-producing herds. Correlation coefficient between serum aspartate aminotransferase activity and serum ${\gamma}$-glutamyltransferase activity was 0.41, and this indicates that serum ${\gamma}$-glutamyltransferase should be included as a parameter of metabolic profile test to evaluate liver function. Body condition score of dairy cows in this country was lower than that of Japan in every lactational stages, and the magnitude of increase in body condition score during middle and late lactational stages was small. Metabolic profile can not be evaluated with solely nutritional intake. When an individual or large percentage of cows in a herd have adnormal values In parameters of metabolic profile test, veterinary clinician and nutritionist should cooperate so as to diagnose diseases and to calculate the e of no운ents simultaneously.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.855-861
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• 2015

Lactobacillus plantarum is used for fermentation of fish products, meat and milk. However, the utilization of these bacteria in egg processing has not been done. This study was designed to evaluate the potential of fermented egg albumen as a functional food that is rich in angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors activity (ACE-inhibitor activity) and is antihypertensive. A completely randomized design was used in this study with six durations of fermentation (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 h) as treatments. Six hundred eggs obtained from the same chicken farm were used in the experiment as sources of egg albumen. Bacteria L. plantarum FNCC 0027 used in the fermentation was isolated from cow's milk. The parameters measured were the total bacteria, dissolved protein, pH, total acid and the activity of ACE-inhibitors. The results showed that there were significant effects of fermentation time on the parameters tested. Total bacteria increased significantly during fermentation for 6, 12, 18, and 24 h and then decreased with the increasing time of fermentation to 30 and 36 h. Soluble protein increased significantly during fermentation to 18 h and then subsequently decreased during of fermentation to 24, 30, and 36 h. The pH value decreased markedly during fermentation. The activities of ACE-inhibitor in fermented egg albumen increased during fermentation to 18 h and then decreased with the increasing of the duration of fermentation to 24, 30, and 36 h. The egg albumen which was fermented for 18 h resulted in a functional food that was rich in ACE-inhibitor activity.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.544-552
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• 1998

A random study of 574 dairy farms in Gyeongnam area was designed to determine 1) management factors that may be associated with the occurrence of drug residues; 2) the dairy farmer's attitudes and knowledge about residues; 3) how these variables influence the occurrence of residues in dairy cattle. Management factors perceived as having the greatest influence on drug residues in milk were insufficient knowledge about withdrawal periods, errors due to hired help, insufficient identification and record of animals treated for mastitis, dry cow treatment for mastitis, and metritis treatment. Seventy-one percent of farms with residues problem used mixed own feeds compared with twenty-nine percent of farms with premedicated feeds. Factors significantly associated with the occurrence of residues were herd size, increased number of hired persons, increased frequency of use of mixed-own feeds, category of medicated feed, and producer's attitude toward the public health significance of residues. Our findings suggest that residue occurrence was mainly associated with errors due to hired help, insufficient knowledge about withdrawal periods, poor animal identification and records of treatment animals and use of medicated feeds. Any residue avodiance educational program needs to stress how to deal with these factors. This educational program should be directed to dairy farmers and employees, especially temporary employees. In addition, Dairy farmer's attitudes and knowledge about drug residues need to be improved. More evidence on the public healths significance of residues should be available to them. Because belife in importance of public healths concerns was related to successful residue avidance and because 81.3% of the dairy farmers with residue problem thought public healths concerns were less important than economic ones, it would be helpful to provide educational programs specifically directed to this issue. it may be useful to provide programs not only for the dairy farmers but also change of their concerns about on the public healths.