• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.186-194
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• 2005

A Spinning Rotor Gauge was calibrated between $4.04\times10^{-3}$ Pa and $1.11\times10^{-2}$ Pa at the high vacuum standard by static expansion method. The results were analysed according to the document of 'Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement' of ISO. The expanded uncertainty was $3.0035\times10^{-3}$ Pa at $7.5448\times10^{-3}$ Pa. $95\%$ confidence level, and coverage factor of k = 1.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.31-41
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• 2020

Background : The introduction of policies expanding the coverage of uninsured Korean Medicine (KM) services have requires an understanding of the following components of the service : current financial expenses, degree of financial burden on the patient, and financial effect of the coverage expansion. Objectives : This study aims to determine the annual trend of outpatients' characteristics and the category of out-of-pocket spending in KM. Methods : This study uses data from the Korea Health Panel to analyze use of KM in the Korean population. Using the user characteristics and behavior drawn from the Korea Health Panel data, out-of-pocket spending trends of KM were analyzed by year. The diagnosis and prescription of out-of-pocket spending were also analyzed. Results : The proportion of patients receiving uninsured medical treatment and the number of uninsured medical treatment in outpatient clinics have increased. However, the average out-of-pocket spending per person and out-of-pocket spending per visit are consistent or have decreased. Meaningful trends are the increase of R00-R99 (unclassified symptoms) and the decrease of K00-K93 (digestive system disease) and J00-J99 (respiratory system disease). Conclusions : Expansion of KM medical service and insurance is influenced by uninsured medical treatment of KM. Hence, research to increase medical treatment categories for out-of-pocket spending or explore diseases where KM diagnosis has been proven effective should be further developed.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.405-414
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a policy change to expand Korean National Health Insurance (KNHI) benefit coverage to include scaling on access to dental care at the national level. Methods: A nationally representative sample of 12,794 adults aged 20 to 64 years from Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2010-2014) was analyzed. To examine the effect of the policy on the outcomes of interest (unmet dental care needs and preventive dental care utilization in the past year), an estimates-based probit model was used, incorporating marginal effects with a complex sampling structure. The effect of the policy on individuals depending on their income and education level was also assessed. Results: Adjusting for potential covariates, the probability of having unmet needs for dental care decreased by 6.1% and preventative dental care utilization increased by 14% in the post-policy period compared to those in the pre-policy period (2010, 2012). High income and higher education levels were associated with fewer unmet dental care needs and more preventive dental visits. Conclusions: The expansion of coverage to include scaling demonstrated to have a significant association with decreasing unmet dental care needs and increasing preventive dental care utilization. However, the policy disproportionately benefited certain groups, in contrast with the objective of the policy to benefit all participants in the KNHI system.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.312-320
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• 2013

Home evolved Node-B (HeNB), also called a femtocell or a femto base station, is introduced to provide high data rate to indoor users. However, two main problems arise in femtocell networks: (1) Small coverage area of HeNB, which results in limited cell-splitting gain and ping-pong handover (HO) problems and (2) high inter-femtocell interference because HeNBs may be densely deployed in a small region. In this study, an efficient cooperation mechanism called an HeNB-aided virtual-HO (HaVHO) scheme is proposed to expand the coverage area of femtocells and to reduce inter-femtocell interference. The cooperation among neighbor HeNBs is exploited in HaVHO by enabling an HeNB to relay the data of its neighbor HeNB without an HO. The HaVHO procedure is compatible with the existing long term evolution specification, and the information exchange overhead in HaVHO is relatively low. To estimate the signal to interference plus noise ratio improvement, the area average channel state metric is proposed, and the amount of user throughput enhancement by HaVHO is derived. System-level simulation shows that HaVHO has a better performance than the other four schemes, such as lesser radio link failure, lesser ping-pong handover, lesser short-stay handover, and higher user throughput.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.39A no.5
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• pp.280-292
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• 2014

Recently, heterogeneous networks consisting of small-cells on top of traditional macro-cellular network has attracted much attention, because traditional macro-cellular network is not suitable to support more demanding mobile data traffic due to its limitation of spatial reuse. However, due to the transmit power difference between macro- and small-cells, most users are associated with macro-cells rather than small-cells. To solve this problem, enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (eICIC) has been introduced. Particularly, in eICIC, the small-cell coverage is forcibly expanded to associate more users with small-cells. Then, to avoid cross-tier interference from macro-cells, these users are allowed to receive the data during almost blank subframe (ABS) in which macro-cells almost remain silent. However, this approach is not sufficient to balance the load between macro- and small-cells because it only expands the small-cell coverage. In this paper, we propose a load balance scheme improving proportional fairness for heterogeneous networks employing eICIC. In particular, the proposed scheme combines the greedy-based user association and the ABS rate determination in a recursive manner to perform the load balance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.81 no.5
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• pp.1024-1037
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• 2020

The resource-based relative value scale (RBRVS) compares the value of a medical practice to the consumption of resources, which consist of the work of the physician, practice expenses, and professional liability insurance. At the time of the 2nd revision of RBRVS, the fee for radiological examinations had been reduced due to the high preservation rate. In RBRVS, practice expenses account for most of the compensation of radiological examinations, and physicians' work is relatively undervalued. A new healthcare policy (Moon Jae-In care) consists of the expansion of the National Health Insurance (NHI) coverage, reduction of patient charges for the vulnerable class, and support for catastrophic medical expenses. However, Moon Jae-In care is expected to negatively affect the NHI in Korea financially. The expansion of the insurance coverage for ultrasonography and MRI examinations is a significant part of the Moon Jae-In care, and radiological societies should establish fair compensations for physicians' work within the field of radiology while implementing the Moon Jae-In care.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.54 no.7
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• pp.501-512
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• 2016

We evaluated a self-inflatable osmotic tissue expander for its utility in creating sufficient soft tissue elongation for primary closure after bone grafting. Six patients with alveolar defects who required vertical augmentation of >6 mm before implant placement were enrolled. All had more than three prior surgeries, and flap advancement for primary coverage was restricted by severely fibrosed scars. Expanders were inserted beneath the flap and fixed with a screw. After 4 weeks, expander removal and bone grafting were performed simultaneously. A vertical block autograft and guided bone regeneration and distraction osteogenesis were performed. Expansion was sufficient to cover the grafted area without additional periosteal incision. Complications included mucosal perforation and displacement of the expander. All augmentation procedures healed uneventfully and the osseous implants were successfully placed. The tissue expander may facilitate primary closure by increasing soft tissue volume. In our experience, this device is effective, rapid, and minimally invasive, especially in fibrous scar tissue.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.104-122
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• 2010

Long-term care insurance has been introduced in Korea a year ago, and we are in a stage requiring to set principles regarding the generosity of coverage and how to gradually extend the coverage. This study empirically analyzes how the long-term care insurance in Korea is operated. Special attention is given to who is the main beneficiary of the long-term care insurance introduction, and what is the factors influencing the elderly's decision to apply for or use long-term care services. Use of a detailed information of individuals' public health insurance and long-term care insurance from administration data made it possible to control for health status, socioeconomic status including family type, housing tenure, income level. Logit models were employed to analyze the effects of various socioeconomic factors on the likelihood of applying and using long-term care services. Also, this study employed a survey questioning whether to ever willing to take other option as a alternative to residential care or home-care and the level of cash benefit for which they are willing to replace the formal care with informal care. The result indicated that although the poorest elderly population groups are in the greatest need for the long-term care service, they are in difficulty using the service due to economic burden. This implies the copayment amount needs to be adjusted in order for the poor elderly group to be able to get the benefit of the long-term care service.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 2009

The Korean government introduced Home Care Services System to cut medical cost and make efficient use of limited medical resources because of increasing chronic diseases and the growing population of the elderly. The Korean government established measures to control the use of insurance services by restricting the number of nurse's visits to patient's home and by asking the patients to shoulder the transportation fee of nurses during the visit. Factors such as oversupply of hospital facilities, low price of home care services, high insurance coverage for hospital services and increased nuclear family set up resulted in the limited use of home care nursing services. The introduction of long-term care insurance in 2007 brought the decrease in the number of home care agencies and these agencies are facing a crisis today. The increase in chronic diseases and growing population of the elderly recently resulted in the need to control the high medical cost. Home care services for early discharge patients and chronic-severe disease patients will contribute in the reduction of medical cost at the same time improves the quality of patient's life. To catch up with the demands of the nation, accessibility to home care services should be improved and policies such as the expansion of home care services insurance coverage and promotion of establishing home care agencies should be considered.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.45
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• pp.72-100
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• 2001

Despite the rapid expansion of social security coverage in the 1990s, many wage earners in Korea, especially the majority of the nonstandard workforce are excluded in the social insurance programs. In this regards, the purpose of this paper is to analyze causes of the exclusion of nonstandard workers to the social insurance scheme and to suggest the feasible policy options. Through this paper, four arguments are addressed as follows. First, the main issue for exclusion from coverage of those workers is that they have no entitlement to social insurance. This is not an issue of that they fall below hours or income thresholds for the entitlement Second, the top-down process of the extension in the Korean social insurances have divided the wage earners into two groups, the insider (the included) and the outsider (the excluded). Many nonstandard workers belong to the latter category. Third, the social insurance systems have been designed for the regular workers who were characterized by a full-time with some degree of stability. Reform designed to cope with the growth of nonstandard workers must build on the existing structure of social insurance. Finally, the governance capacity by social security administration body must be improved in order to provide a basic social protection for those workers. For that, four separated social insurance administration bodies could be unified to one administrative body, or tax and contribution of social insurance could be collected by one integrated administration body, the National Tax Service.