• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-34
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• 1994

This study has been done in order to analyze the relationship between climacteric symptoms and the stress of life events. For the purpose of this study. objectives set up were as followings. : 1. Climacteric symptoms complained by middle aged women are studied. 2. The stress of life events experienced by middle aged women is studied. 3. The relationship between climacteric symptoms and the stress of life events is studied. 4. The relationship between climacteric symptoms and general characteristics is studied. and the relationship between the stress of life events and general characteristics is also studied. The sample size of this study was 462 cases. The subjects were middle-aged women. who were from 40 to 60 years old and resided in Seoul. Data were collected by using questionnaires which consisted of 122 questions from Jan. 1 to Feb. 7 in 1992. The questionnaires include questions about general characteristics. climacteric symptoms and life events. The measurement scales for this study were adopted from the climacteric symptoms scale developed by Chi. Sung-Ai and the measurement scale of stress related to life events devised by Lee. Pyoung Sook. The analysis of data collected was done by using SPSS-pc package. Firstly. general characteristics were analyzed by using descriptive statistical methods. Secondly. climacteric symptoms were analyzed by using descriptive statistical methods. the analysis of variance and correlation analysis. Thirdly. the stress of life events was studied by using descriptive statistical methods. the analysis of variance. and tests of independence. The results of this study are as followings. 1. General characteristics of the respondents are as followings: The average age is 49. 13. and the age group from 46 to 50 has $30.5\%$ in the respondents. Christianity is the major religion $(42.6\%)$. and the respondents with a high school diploma are $(43.1\%)$ of the respondents. $60\%$ of all respondents are housewives. and $90.5\%$ are married. The average number of children is 2.71. and the average number of family is 4.24 Monthly income of $39.1\%$ of the respondents is from l,010,000 Won to 2,000,000 Won. The premenopausal group is $4.9\%$. and $45.5\%$ of all respondents are satisfied with marrital life. $43.3\%$ of all feel happy. and $13.9\%$ feel economic frustration. $27.9\%$ of respondents are satisfied with sexual life. and $45\%$ of all report that the amount of recreational activities are more needed. 2. The average score of climacteric symptoms is 1. 8461 (The maximum score is 5.0). The symptoms complained frequently are nervousness. muscle-ache. fatigue. headache and knee-ache. Climacteric symptoms are significantly different in menopausal states. age groups. the number of children, marrital satisfaction. the feeling of life. self-reported health states and sexual satisfaction. 3. The life events occurred frequently were 'discord with husband', 'children's important exams', 'separation from husband related to works' and 'vacation'. When life events are analyzed by factors. the most frequently mentioned factor is 'marrital life'. The stress of life events is significantly different in a few general characteristics (age. the number of children, the number of family, monthly income, menopausal status, the feeling of life. self-reported health states, economic satisfaction). 4. The score of climacteric symptoms complained is significantly different according to the stress of life events (p<0.051, Especially, the difference is the widest in psychological symptoms according to the factor of 'couple. marrital life' among stressful life events. In Summary, climacteric symptoms complained by middle-aged women are related to the amount of the stress of life events. Whether life events are positive of negative is not important. Yet. climacteric symptoms and stressful life events are deeply related to general characteristics. so we can not insist strongly that one be directly related to the other.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.31 no.1 s.84
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• pp.15-24
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• 2001

In order to achieve a desirable tooth movement, it is of great importance to control the M/F ratio and to know the location of the center of resistance. The purpose of this study was to locate the center of resistance and the axis of rotation, and to estimate the stress distribution in the periodontal ligament with experimental model. After preparing a model of an upper canine with a simulated periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, the force and moment were applied. The tooth movement was traced using measuring device with LVDTs(Linear variable differential transformers) that can measure three dimensional tooth movement in real time. The results were as follows. 1. The location of center of resistance by transverse force was $29\%$ of root length measured from alveolar crest to apex regardless of force magnitude. The position of the center of resistance is more coronal than that of two-dimensional model($42\%$). 2. The center of resistance and the axis of rotation coincide when couple moment was applied. 3. As the magnitude of moment increases, tooth tends to extrude irrespective of the direction of the moment. 4. The relationship between location of force and axis of rotation (a x b = $49.6\;mm^2$) was obtained. A tooth movement can be predicted through this formula. 5. The centers of rotation by transverse force were plotted linearly.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.1 s.66
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• pp.43-49
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• 1998

The aim of this study were to measure and compare the stress level on three type brackets and each other material (stainless steel, ceramic) with tipping and torquing forces by using the finite element analysis and to design biomechanically favorable brackets. For this study, three kinds of brackets were selected(A:Transcend-RMO, B:Signature-Unitek, C:PAW: plain archwire appliance-applied for a patent in Yonsei Udiversity). The slot size of bracket was 0.022inch and the size of archwire was 0.0175x0.025inch and taper shaped archwire was used in PAW. Loading force in tipping was 4.27N and torquing force was 32.858N applied by archwire torsion with 19.7degree and 11.3 degree in C type bracket. The conclusions were that (1) The finite element method proved to be a useful tool in the stress analysis of orthodontic bracket subjected to various forces. (2) With tipping, the stresses were concentrated at the gingival wall of the wire slot where it meets the mesial bracket surface and the incisal wall of the wire slot where it meets the distal bracket surface and with torquing, the stresses were concentrated at the junction of the gingival or incisal wall and base of the slot. (3) The maximum stress value was higher in torquing force than tipping force and therefore it is desirable to design on the basis of torquing force. (4) It was considered that the change in material might be affect on the diminish of stress value in the place of stess concentration. (5) The maximum stress value was highest on PAW bracket when the tipping and torquing force was applied and therefore it would be desirable to use mechanically favorable material on PAW bracket.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-36
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• 2016

In the present study, the nonlinear magneto-electro-mechanical free vibration behavior of rectangular double-bonded sandwich microbeams based on the modified strain gradient theory (MSGT) is investigated. It is noted that the top and bottom sandwich microbeams are considered with boron nitride nanotube reinforced composite face sheets (BNNTRC-SB) with electrical properties and carbon nanotube reinforced composite face sheets (CNTRC-SB) with magnetic fields, respectively, and also the homogenous core is used for both sandwich beams. The connections of every sandwich beam with its surrounding medium and also between them have been carried out by considering Pasternak foundations. To take size effect into account, the MSGT is introduced into the classical Timoshenko beam theory (CT) to develop a size-dependent beam model containing three additional material length scale parameters. For the CNTRC and BNNTRC face sheets of sandwich microbeams, uniform distribution (UD) and functionally graded (FG) distribution patterns of CNTs or BNNTs in four cases FG-X, FG-O, FG-A, and FG-V are employed. It is assumed that the material properties of face sheets for both sandwich beams are varied in the thickness direction and estimated through the extended rule of mixture. On the basis of the Hamilton's principle, the size-dependent nonlinear governing differential equations of motion and associated boundary conditions are derived and then discretized by using generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM). A detailed parametric study is presented to indicate the influences of electric and magnetic fields, slenderness ratio, thickness ratio of both sandwich microbeams, thickness ratio of every sandwich microbeam, dimensionless three material length scale parameters, Winkler spring modulus and various distribution types of face sheets on the first two natural frequencies of double-bonded sandwich microbeams. Furthermore, a comparison between the various beam models on the basis of the CT, modified couple stress theory (MCST), and MSGT is performed. It is illustrated that the thickness ratio of sandwich microbeams plays an important role in the vibrational behavior of the double-bonded sandwich microstructures. Meanwhile, it is concluded that by increasing H/lm, the values of first two natural frequencies tend to decrease for all amounts of the Winkler spring modulus.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.995-1005
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to look into the views of marriage of gold miss' who participate in extreme sports. Two women, the participants of this study, have a specialized job and they take part in risky sports. Collecting data has been performed from December, 2012 to March, 2013 by conducting in-depth interviews and participatory observation. The interview was conducted for a couple of hours with flexibility. These were the conclusions of this study. The participation motivation in extreme sports was to cure their diseases such as arrhythmia or inflammation, and this activities caused a stress reduction, sense of competent, way to escape from melancholy daily life, happiness, and satisfaction. Also, unhappy family matter, economic independence, and sensation-seeking were found as the main factors that affect their views of marriage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2010.03a
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• pp.379-389
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• 2010

It is very important to determine a target probability of failure in reliability based design such as an allowable factor of safety in working stress design because they are indices to judge the stability of structures. We have carried out reliability analyses of nationwide gravity type quay walls and found that sliding and foundation failures of quay walls were dominant failure modes for every case of loads. And a target probability of failure for bearing capacity of foundation of quay wall was also determined in this study. Of several approaches which have been suggested until now, a couple of reasonable approaches were used. Firstly, in order to consider the safety margin of structures which have been executed so far, the reliability levels of existing structures were assessed. And then a mean probability of failure for the quay walls was estimated. In addition, life cycle cost(LCC) analyses for representative structures were performed. Probabilities of failure for several quay walls were calculated with changing the width of each quay wall section. LCC of quay wall which is requiring case by case during the service life was evaluated, and also the optimum probability of failure of quay wall which minimizes LCC was found. Finally, reasonable target probabilities of failure were suggested by comparing with mean probability of failure of existing structures.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.47-63
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• 2013

This study deals with a counseling case in which a mother requested counseling due to the problems of her daughter, who suffers from multiple tic disorder. The participants of this study included five family members (grandmother, father, mother and two female children) and a total of 23 sessions were held from September 2006 to December 2007. Additional counseling ($24^{th}$ counseling session) was conducted on April 1st, 2009. The data was based on recorded transcripts and notes from 24 family therapy sessions. The study used a constant comparative analysis, which uses matrix and network display as an analysis method suggested by Miles&Huberman(1994). The characteristics of the family of origin and the indifference of the husband had caused the wife stress. The couple had frequent conflicts due to dysfunctional communication methods, a clash of values, sexual dissatisfaction, and a lack of communication. This marital conflict became the primary factor of the daughter's multiple tic disorder. Intervention of the family therapist resulted in the setting of treatment goals based on MRI's communication theory and Bowen's family systems theory in order to solve the problem of the daughter's multiple tic disorder. Also, the therapist's intervention techniques included exploring experiences with the family of origin, shedding light on the multigenerational transmission process, exploring dysfunctional attempts at solutions, the therapist's self-disclosure, providing similar cases, dealing with resistance, and suggesting a new communication method. To solve the problem, the therapist helped the family separate the daughter spatially from her parents. Therefore, the therapist's intervention helped reduce the daughter's tics and improve relationships among the family.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.225-228
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• 2008

This paper presents out-of-plane shear strength models for composite wall with steel plates based on limit theorem in the framework of the plasticity theory. The formulas proposed by JEAG 4618 need to be reconsidered with a couple of limitations; ignoring the effect of bond stress generated by studs in the process of calculating arch action, illogically discriminating between concrete shear cracking strength and arch strength by algebraic relation in short shear span ratio(0-2.0). In most cases, reinforcement ratio is not sufficient to yield, as a result, arch strength is determined by accounting equilibrium including both bond strength and concrete compressive strength. We conducted experimental research assuming that SC wall is a continuous beam under the simplified loading patterns, changing main valuables involving the number of studs, stirrups. The results show good agreements with the formula and we quoted the test results of JEAG.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2014

In solid mechanics, the peridynamics theory has provided a suitable framework for material failure and damage propagation simulation. Peridynamics is computationally expensive since it is required to solve enormous nonlocal interactions based upon integro-differential equations. Thus, multiscale coupling methods with other local models are of interest for efficient and accurate implementations of peridynamics. In this study, peridynamic models are restricted to regions where discontinuities or stress concentrations are present. In the domains characterized by smooth displacements, classical local models can be employed. We introduce a recently developed blending scheme to concurrently couple bond-based peridynamic models and the Navier equation of classical elasticity. We demonstrate numerically that the proposed blended model is suitable for point loads and static fracture, suggesting an alternative framework for cases where peridynamic models are too expensive, while classical local models are not accurate enough.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 2019

In the case of a patient with a small number of unilateral remaining teeth in the mandible, a restoration with conventional removable partial denture cannot provide sufficient retention and resistance. A harmful stress from the poor stability of denture on remaining teeth occurs due to alveolar bone resorption in edentulous area. Although implant fixed prosthesis can provide multiple benefits over conventional removable partial denture, there are limitations come from anatomic structures and costs. In this case, an implant-assisted removable partial denture (IARPD) with a couple of implants placed in strategic positions can be a treatment modality. The objective of this article is to present a case report of two patients showed satisfactory clinical outcomes during three-year follow-up period describing the fabrication and advantages of removable partial denture assisted by teeth and implants (IARPD) for a patient with a small number of unilateral remaining teeth in mandible using Locator as an implant attachment.