• 산경연구논집
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2018

Purpose - With the worldwide aging problem and the development of globalization, customers prefer to seek affordable medical services with the higher quality overseas. This new trend has urged some destination countries to improve their services for the more competitive advantages over other countries. Literature research indicate that medical quality and cost may be the key factors influencing global patients' decisions. In the international environment, however, medical tourism destinations are selected due to cultural similarity between the hosting country and the customers' own country. The more similarity perceived between the two countries leads foreign patients to choose the considering country as the destination for medical tourism. However, little research has been conducted on this topic. Thus, we empirically investigate how cultural similarity influences Chinese medical customers' choice of the destinations. We also consider the factors related to medical competency and travel attribute which might affect customers' decisions along with some moderating roles of disease types. Research design, data, and methodology - We proposed a research model in order to confirm the relations among different variables of cultural similarity, medical competency, travel attractiveness, disease types, and destination choice. The questionnaire survey is processed in the more economically developed regions of China such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Jiangsu. Conditional logit regression is applied to analyze the data of 881. Results - Results indicate that cultural similarity is the important predictor of Chinese customers' decision to select a medical country. However, the effects of cultural similarity vary according to the disease types. We also find that medical competency and travel attractiveness influence their decisions with the moderating role of disease types. Conclusions - Cultural similarity is the important factor that influences Chinese potential medical tourists' decisions to select a destination. Marketing managers should consider the effects of cultural similarity when developing strategies for attracting Chinese medical tourists. Since medical competency and travel attractiveness are still the critical key elements for them to evaluate the destination countries, it is necessary to continuously improve medical service quality and facilities. The results also recommend that medical managers should sharpen their marketing strategies by segmenting Chinese potential customers in terms of disease types.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.208-218
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• 2010

互联网快速增长, 已经成为一个重要的零售渠道, 并出现了各种互联网零售商, 又称电子零售商. 一种网上代购店蓬勃发展起来, 吸引了国内市场的消费者. 这是一种独特的电子零售商, 他们从全球购买国内市场尚未进口的名牌产品, 寄给个人购买者, 并收取服务费. 有些消费者喜欢高端独特但无进口资格的品牌, 却因付款问题或国内的寄送问题很难直接从海外零售商处购买. 在韩国, 网上代购店的数量和销售量快速增长-2008年韩国有超过430个活跃商店和5000亿销售额, 需要这种代购服务的消费者数量也在急剧增加. 这种电子零售的概念源于 "代理中介采购" -种存在已久的形式和内容多样化的代购. 通常市场经营者面对的是购买者的代表人而非本人, 由消费者决定的代理购买者影响越来越大. 很多市场营销和心理学领域的学者都研究过代理对消费者购买决定的影响范围. 然而, 在互联网商务方面却没有深入的研究. 此外, 网上代购店作为代理购买者, 将海外品牌或零售商同国内消费者连接起来. 它有一个特点, 代理购买国, 即代购商品所在国的形象对消费者的态度和购买倾向有重要影响, 还会影响消费者在进行信息处理时所感知的风险维度. 然而, 尽管对原产国不同维度的影响已有很多研究, 对网络内容的相关研究却很少. 已有研究证明, 原产国信息作为产品制造情况的线索对消费者的评价有正面影响, 但对这种形式下网络代理购买国的形象和产品评价之间的关系进行的研究却很少. 因此, 作者们发这种具体的零售渠道很值得研究, 重点结构间的系统关系以及各自不同的路径很值得探索. 已有研究证明代购原产国, 也就是代购店购买商品所在地的形象, 不仅对消费者的产品评价(包括态度和购买意向)有正面影响, 还对感知风险的三个维度有负面影响: 产品相关, 行员相关, 以及购买后的风险. 在所有的感知风险中, 由于对产品性能的高度不确定性, 产品相关的风险受负面形象的影响最大(${\beta}$= -.30), 其次是航运相关风险(${\beta}$= -.18)和购买后的风险(${\beta}$= -.15). 对产品态度(${\beta}$= .10)和购买倾向(${\beta}$= .14)也有一定影响. 此外, 经证明, 感知风险的三个维度通过对产品的态度作为中介, 对购买倾向有负面的的影响(${\beta}$= -.57: 产品相关风险${\rightarrow}$ 对产品的态度; ${\beta}$= -.24: 航运相关风险${\rightarrow}$ 对产品的态度; ${\beta}$= -.44: 购买后风险${\rightarrow}$ 对产品的态度). 从更多的分析可以看出, 消费者处理信息的路径会因其对产品知识的等级不同而改变. 新手购买者知识等级较低, 只会考虑感知风险, 而知识等级较高的专家购买者则会考虑到代理购买国的形象和感知风险两个方面, 对产品形成更准确更系统的态度和决定. 这同之前的研究相一致. 本研究提出一些理论和实际的建议. 代理购买国的形象会影响消费者的风险感知和行为结果, 因此应谨慎选择代购国家, 如果这种新型的零售业务快速发展起来, 应控制好消费者的风险, 无论是新手或专家. 另外, 由于消费者各自知识等级不同, 处理信息的路径也不尽相同, 针对不同消费者应形成成熟的市场营销手段. 新手购买者需要风险消减方面的建议, 以帮助他们形成更好的态度, 而专家购买者应选择更好更发达的国家进行代购. 消费者可以使用担保策略来促使在线购物的顺利进行. 本研究没有拘于概括性等限制. 在今后的研究中, 应进一步测试比较有相关结构的不同电子零售商.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.52-61
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• 2000

Dietary guidelines are a distillation of dietary advice from health professionals to the general public. They are based upon current scientific knowledge about the relationships between diet and disease, nutrients available in the food supply of a country, and the profile of morbidity and mortality in that country. With two different sets of dietary guidelines used for more than an decade in Korea. the necessity of revising dietary guidelines has been raised continuously from academia and research. Funded by a grant from the Health Technology Planing and Evaluation Board. Dietary guidelines for each age group were drafted as a research project and the one for the Korean elderly is as follows: Dietary Guidelines for the korean elderly(draft) - Have a variety of easily digestible foods on time; at least 3 meals a day and some snakes. - Be physically active to maintain appetite and/or ideal body weight. ; maintain a balance between activity and what you eat. -Increase consumption of bean-and dairy-and dairy-products. - Consume enough amounts of fresh dark-green and yellow vegetables and fresh fruits. - Consume adequate amounts of assorted kind of animal foods including fish, meat and poultry. - If you drink alcoholic beverages, limit your intake and, drink enough water and other averages; alcohol may interact with your medication and affect your appetite. Aforementioned draft and related contents are expected to be utilized as a neat base in formulating(or revising) dietary guidelines for Korean by the Government in near future.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.7-17
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the factors affecting the academic achievement of international students in degree programs in global education environment. Based on exploratory research, this study proposed four factors and examined effects of academic factors on academic satisfaction, effects of social factors on social adjustment, effects of cultural factors on cultural adaption, effects of economic factors on financial stability, and effects of four factors on academic achievement of international students. Research design, data, and methodology: This study conducted online survey to collect the data and results provide importance to increase interactivity between international students and teachers and between international students and hosting country's students. Results: The results of this study found what variables affect four proposed factors, while academic satisfaction significantly affects academic achievement rather than other factors. Conclusions: The results show how to improve academic related variables is key for the success of academic achievement. Results of this study provide implications which aspects should be considered to increase overall academic achievement by managing and improving the quality of higher education in global setting. This study provides managerial and policy implications for enhanced academic achievement of international students in global context.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.69-77
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• 2003

The environmental problems aren't only restricted in single area or country, but also related in all around the world. Various approaches have been tried to protect and utilize properly the environment. Especially, building area has been attempted to provide the model which could explain the degree of environmental influence and technology development criteria to lessen the environmental impact in building life cycle. The environmental impact in the building life cycle can be overally explained with sustainability. Sustainability can be utilized to establish the target level of building to environmental influence. This paper aimed at extracting items to evaluate the building sustainability, divided into social, economic and environmental aspects. First, 93-items is extracted from 3 areas through existing literature review. Second, the 93-items would be controlled and reviewed into 21 items, which are five social aspect items, two economic aspect items and twelve environmental items, because 93 items can not properly be applied and evaluated. And, it provided the model to combine the extracted items of each area. In social aspect, the outdoor noise is more affect than any other items. In environmental aspect, the item of surface-to-volume is more affect than any other items.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2012

Recently, many countries are tightening a variety of policies and controls with great efforts to reduce emission of GHGs(Greenhouse Gases) as concern for climate change heightens. The purpose of the study is to provide guidelines for planning and evaluate element and evaluate housing development. The elements are also assorted into 6 sections and 30 planning elements were drawn from them. It is drawn to 6 sections, 27 categories, 31 evaluation elements except cultural and perceptual aspects unrelated to planning elements from these elements. Case analysis has shown that most of planning elements were applied because these cases obtained environment-friendly certification in the country. Followings are the common characteristics. Firstly, it showed that application of planning element in all cases is excellent. Secondly, the case with excellent application of elements related with energy and application degree obtained excellent degree i environment-friendly certification in the country. Finally, application of planning elements related with renewable energy was in poor condition in all cases. With the utilization of SBTool, the evaluation results about planning elements of housing complex of Carbon emissions-reduction type showed that CASE-A obtained 11.17 points and CASE-B obtained 9.24 points. In the case of renewable energy section, it was confirmed that the evaluation doesn't work well. As a result, changes of planning elements affect environment-friendly extent. It was confirmed that accessibility to housing complex of Carbon emissions-reduction type could change. Estimated result of Amount of Carbon emission showed that annual energy consumption per each family of CASE-A is $4,269,964MJ/m^2$, as a result of which, Carbon emission is $234,815kg/m^2$. And annual energy consumption per family of CASE-B is $4,197,563MJ/m^2$, as a result of which, Carbon emission is $214,584kg/m^2$. Application of planning elements in the aspect of housing complex of Carbon emissions-reduction type shows that the level for Carbon emissions-reduction is high level. And study with assessment from the draft should be followed.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.95-120
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• 2019

나고야의정서의 발효로 유전자원을 이용하려는 기업들은 유전자원 이용 이익 공유방안을 제공국과 협상을 통해 결정해야 할뿐만 아니라 유전자원 이용 사업 자체에 대한 투자 의사를 결정해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 유전자원의 이용으로 인한 이익의 공유방안을 샤플리 밸류와 매출액 기준 일정 비율에 의한 방법을 통해 기업의 수익구조에 반영한 후 실물옵션기법을 이용해 유전자원 이용 프로젝트에 대한 경제성을 분석하였다. 그 결과 이익공유 비율과 할인율, 그리고 유전자원의 상품화 시기가 상기 두 분석 방법에 따른 투자임계가격의 순위에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 협상을 통해 이익공유 방안에 대해 상호합의된 조건을 도출해야 하는 기업에게는 이와 같은 다양한 방법에 의한 접근과 분석이 협상 시 유용한 참고자료가 될 것이다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.331-339
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• 2009

세계 여러 나라들은 국가마다 독특한 문화를 가지고 있으며 소비자들은 제품의 구입과 사용에 있어서 이러한 문화적 특성에 영향을 받는다. 따라서 글로벌 생산과 판매를 추구하는 기업들은 그 국가의 기술적 능력이나 물류체계, 시장접근성 등의 전형적 요인들 외에도 국가의 문화적 특성을 고려하여 마케팅 활동에 적용할 수 있어야 한다. 특히 스포츠 상품은 한 국가의 문화에 가장 밀접하게 관련되어 있어서 문화적 특성을 고려한 마케팅이 더욱 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 동양적 특성을 대표하는 한국과 서양적 특성을 대표하는 국가들 중 영국과 프랑스를 대상으로 문화적 특성과 스포츠상품에 대한 마케팅 활동의 관계를 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구방법으로는 잡지광고에 대한 내용분석을 사용하였다. 연구결과 한국과 프랑스는 유사한 문화적 특성을 가지고 있어서 유사한 광고전략이 사용되고 있으며, 한국과 영국은 이질적인 문화적 특성을 가지고 있어서 광고전략에도 더 많은 차이점이 존재한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 여성주의가 강한 한국과 프랑스에서는 좀 더 감성적인 광고전략이 사용되는 것을 확인할 수 있었고, 남성주의가 강한 영국에서는 좀 더 이성적인 광고전략이 사용되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.33-49
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• 2024

Despite COVID-19 and the global economic depression, cosmetics exports are continuously increasing due to the growth of Hallyu consumption overseas. Thus, systematic research is needed to determine what impact Hallyu has on cosmetics. Many studies have been conducted on psychological distance, Hallyu preference, and the overall Korean product image, but research related to the image of cosmetics has been insufficient. AMOS 26.0 was used to empirically analyze the impact of cultural distance, social distance, and Hallyu preference on the national image and the impact of the country's image on the image of cosmetics among females experienced with Hallyu in Indonesia and Malaysia. The empirical analysis showed that cultural distance, social distance, and Hallyu preference had a positive effect on the national image, and the national image also had a positive effect on the image of cosmetics. Since Hallyu has a positive indirect effect on the image of cosmetics, it strengthens the competitiveness of cosmetics companies in overseas markets. In Indonesia, only cultural distance and Hallyu preference were found to affect the national image. However, in Malaysia, all variables affected the national image. Thus, even the same Hallyu content could have different effects on the national and cosmetic images in each country. Therefore, strategies for utilizing different Hallyu contents that are suitable for each country are needed to revitalize Korean cosmetics in overseas markets.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2014

Purpose - This study reviews changes in the steel export-import structure between Korea and Japan using a trade related index; it focuses on analyzing comparative advantage based on time-series analysis statistics data using the trade intensity index (TII), revealed comparative advantage index (RCA), and trade specialization index (TSI). Research design, data, and methodology - In terms of their economic phase, Korea and Japan have a mutually complementary character. Therefore, this study aims to understand each country's trade structure to strengthen Korea-Japan economic cooperation, examine trade drawbacks, analyze factors that affect trade, and identify ways to improve and expand trade. Results - The results indicate immense potential for mutual cooperation and complementariness, which will yield guaranteed adequate profits comparable to those of any regional economic integrated community. Conclusion - From our viewpoint, Northeast economic cooperation can facilitate industry technological cooperation with Japanese partners in the prevailing environment that is characterized by increasing competition among industries and the need to secure stable resource supplies as well as the expansion of the export market and diversification, which can have significant positive implications.