• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.55
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• pp.243-264
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• 2012

This study is aimed to analyze problems related to FTA country of origin of goods verification which is increasing from 2006 and thereby to grope for solution of such problems and seek adequate FTA performance administration. It is found, through comparative analysis and statistics of last 8 FTAs so far Korea has concluded that there are major problems such as excessive verification processing due to complicated country of origin regulation etc. This paper suggests following policies of country of origin administration ; (1) Simplification of FTA country of origin rules (2) reciprocal cooperation between each country's Customs Authorities based on trust (3) rational measurement against corresponding country's Customs Authorities' misbehavior (4) enhancement of transparency in relation to processing rule of country of origin verification (5) securing FTA country of origin verification experts. For these improvements, upcoming FTA shall rule country of origin reasonably, simplification and transparency of rule is needed for established FTAs in relation to FTA performance administration with corresponding countries. Also it is necessary to revise FTA preferential tariff law and its related laws, and carry forward policies in accordance with medium and long term plan.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.201-223
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• 2015

Concerning post-verification which is after the application of FTA preferential tariffs, in cases such as Korea-EFTA and Korea-ASEAN, the growing trend of post-verifications was restricted and there was no active research concerning this; whereas with Korea-EU FTA which adopted indirect verification for post-verification, the demand for post-verification has been rising constantly each year; and for Korea-US FTA which has adopted direct verification, a new approach to post-verification research is needed as it began genuine post-verification regarding many national enterprises only after a year and a half since the agreement. This study will consider the counter measures that can be taken for post-verification, through case of studies on the factors influencing violation of determining the country of origin for export company regarding verification of FTA. Result of this case study regarding the determining a violation of origin, The main cause of the violation factors on the essential & general principles(goods wholly obtained, value added criteria) are lack of understanding agreement & manpower. but Violation of the parties to a transaction & the origin certification are lack of advanced preparation and effected violation of principle of good faith. Finally, In this study help countermeasures of export company through the Detailed analysis of the type & implications deriving from verification of origin.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.295-315
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• 2014

This paper attempts to reveal the relationships between vulnerability, FTA barrier, verification factors and origin performance. According to precedent studies, Our study analysed 104 cases from Korean companies which adopted a rules of origin and then developed a structural equation model. As a result of the model test, this empirical study found that vulnerability have a negatively significant influence on origin verification. Second, there was a positive relationship among origin verification and origin performance. Through the results of this study are the first company in order to enhance competitiveness, improve understanding of the rules of origin, must go to deal jointly with partner companies. Second, to establish a process for the origin of the goods to prove this systematic and should be managed in an orderly fashion. Country of origin verification system of corporate -level internal factors and external factors, separated by a study to assess the level of the enterprise for internal and external is determined that you need.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.49
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• pp.493-518
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• 2011

The term rules of origin(RoO) actually speaks for itself, referring to the rules which determine the origin of goods in international trade. The importance of RoO has grown significantly as preferential agreements expand and countries have treated similar imported goods differently according to where the product was made. The purpose of this paper is to study the main case study and its implication of RoO in FTAs. According to survey, the degree of using FTAs in Korea export firms is sharply low. Major reasons are that rules of origin differ from country to country in the FTAs, and that Korean firms have yet to work out what the RoO are. Chapter II of this paper views criteria of the determination country of origin of goods. Chapter III introduces the main case study of FTA rules of origin. Chapter VI presents implication through the case studies and finally concluded this study. In conclusion, Korea needs to build up its own position for rules of origin and provides rules of origin experts into the market. In-depth study and evaluation about Korea's existing FTAs RoO should be carried out to prepare for future FTAs.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.70
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• pp.159-179
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• 2016

Companies do not be resolved by the FTA services of external aid should be operational by assigning dedicated personnel inside the company. FTA is a choice, not an essential trade agreement requirements. If the exporter contracts to provide a certificate of origin in trade agreements, it shall issue a certificate of origin of goods originating management is performed. When considering the future trend of spreading wide FTA, it should be extended to one year to take advantage of the FTA Certificate of Origin environments utilizing a comprehensive environment for regional countries that require proof of origin between certain countries, such as current. FTA utilization of the future is to utilize the GVC(Global Value Chain) efficiently. In other words, the expansion of the consumer market and take advantage of an efficient production base across borders. These environmental changes are needed development of the FTA utilization promotion and FTA experts. The experts studying how to procure raw materials or intermediate goods exports in a variety of regional foreign countries, to meet the rules of origin is required for a successful FTA utilization. One of the objectives of Origin managers are qualified experts in the country of origin can take advantage of the FTA plan. Therefore, managers of origin shall collect their ability to expand the understanding and information about the industry as an international business perspective beyond the Certificate of Origin. In addition, it should be in their best learning expertise for the introduction and development of country of origin control system in an effort to effectively perform its international FTA utilization. Once the FTA is more widespread in the future and build a common origin information it must not be disconnected until the export enterprises from terminal manufacturers systematically. Therefore origin management is preferred by expanding the knowledge base of teaching and learning in the common sense to the universal subject of specialization from professional schools to promote the relevant departments so that they can be opened in a college or university. An FTA hub linking East and West, also need the confidence that in order to become a center of Glabal Supply Chain Using an FTA Certificate of Origin and stable environment for importers to import products from the country offers. Certificate of Origin and all of them thoroughly exporters and companies related to the administration of origin and should create an atmosphere that can effectively respond to the origin verification. Korea shall endeavor to elicit a geopolitical value (FTA Hub), as well as securing a competitive advantage in the global industry leverage, trading at a reasonable price competitive products thereby enhancing production and economic growth through the FTA.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.78
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• pp.119-143
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• 2018

This research aims to review every important academic research on risk management in FTA and to suggest a future area for further research. This research area seems to focus on conceptual study or fact finding rather than on theory development or empirical research on causal relationship or theory testing. The National Assembly Digital Library analyzed the results of 3,576 researches on thesis and journals fromthe results of the FTA. Research on FTA is analyzed in four major themes. First, there have been previous studies on business performance such as FTA export performance and economic effect. Second, analyzed the effects of FTA in product and service. The products are classified into agricultural, marine products, manufacturing, textiles and clothing, medicinal pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and others. Services are classified into educational and cultural contents, service industry and financial industry. Third, research on the risk management of FTA Origin is broadly classified into the use of country of origin and the verification of origin, and the use of origin includes the study of rules of origin and systems of origin and management. Origin verification was divided into origin verification and origin risk management. Fourth, study on the conclusion area of the FTA, studies were conducted on areas such as Korea-US FTA, Korea-China FTA, Korea-EU FTA, Korea-Japan FTA, Korea-Chile FTA, and Korea-ASEAN FTA. Search results through the FTA, focused on analyzing the FTA area and concept research by research purpose. In addition, research methods are mainly focused on documentary survey, and research areas are concentrated on specific countries such as China and USA. This implies a necessity for a future development in that research area. Other areas for future research may include case research on actual failures in FTA, proactive risk management strategy, and integrated risk management for export companies. Risk management in FTA may help investment expansion, and that is why research on the issue matters.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.95-119
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• 2020

Securing a stable supply chain is becoming a significant concern among countries as the global uncertainty rises with the expansion of global protectionism and the result of what the COVID-19 pandemic has brought around the world. This study has investigated dispute cases between customs authority and trade corporations based on the KOREA-ASEAN FTA and suggested the following implications and improvements: Firstly, the extent (varieties) of the proof document on cumulation and its form should be stipulated and provided through consultation between customs from each contracting party. Secondly, it ought to be prescribed as an obligation so that producers located in the third country can cooperate in providing documents for certification of origin. The duty to provide such documentary evidence should also be specified when making EX-IM contracts. Lastly, origin verification provisions regarding cases to which cumulation is applied have to be complemented so that the verification period's extension can be applied and approved. One can expect that the abovementioned responses on cumulation will enhance the availability of KOREA-ASEAN FTA.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.131-155
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• 2016

Recently, the global trade environment has been composed of transactions in trade through integration of the global supply chain network. As FTAs are being signed between countries, the country of origin (COO) system on products has become an important issue. Companies are procuring raw materials through global sourcing and supplying to the retail markets. This research deducted major factors regarding the verification and utilization of the COO system through research on domestic and international literatures, and verified the mediating effects on the verification and utilization elements of the country image and the brand image of COO on the performance of the COO system through empirical study. For the purpose of this research, we conducted a survey implementing the COO system and analyzed the 152 data collected. The results of this research is as follows: First, the external verification level of the COO system has an impact on the performance of the COO system, and a mediating effect on the country image and the brand image of the COO. Second, the management capability of the COO has an impact on the performance of the COO system, and a mediating effect on the brand image of the COO. A research comparing and analyzing the difference in establishment of the verification system of the COO depending on the size of a corporation is necessary.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1025-1035
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• 2023

In this study, we analyzed SNPs that appear between Korean and Chinese Scapharca subcrenata using the nucleotide sequence data of S. subcrenata analyzed by genotyping by sequencing (GBS). To distinguish the country of origin for S. subcrenata in Korean and Chinese, we developed a primer set as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis and validated by sequencing SNPs. A total of 180 samples of S. subcrenata were analyzed by genotyping by sequencing, and 15 candidate SNPs were selected. SNP marker selection for country of origin were identified through real-time qPCR. Insertion 1 and SNP 21 markers showed the most distinct separation between the sequence types as well as the country of origin through qPCR, with the observed amplification patterns matching the expected outcomes.. Additionally, in a blind test conducted by mixing samples of S. subcrenata at random, Insertion 1 showed 74% accuracy, 52% sensitivity, and 96% specificity, and SNP 21 showed 86% accuracy, 79% sensitivity, and 93% specificity. Therefore, the two SNP markers developed are expected to be useful in verifying the authenticity of the country of origin of S. subcrenata when used independently or in combination.

• The Journal of shipping and logistics
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.245-264
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• 2019

With the first agrement in 2004, Korea(ROK) has been one of the most active countries participating in FTA. Companies should meet some requirements to use preferential tariff benefits of FTA. For example, it is required for firms to fulfil the origin criteria and direct transportation principles. This study is designed to provide important factors determining reliability of FTA Origin Certificate. In specific, characteries of firm(trade experience, professional expertise), country (FTA participation, economic development) and product(processing level, value pricing) are investigated as determinants of how trust FTA origin certificate. According to the theoretical foundation and previous studies, this study made 6 hypotheses. SEM(Structural Equation Modeling) was used to test empirically the hypothesized relationships among variables. The empirical findings show that trade experience, professional expertise and FTA participation are important determinants. In other words, firms can trust more FTA Origin Certificate by trading partners with more trading experiences and professional expertises located in countries where participate actively in FTA.