• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.185-196
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• 2005

Although medical exposure from diagnostic radiology procedures such as conventional x-rays, CT and PET scans is necessary for healthcare purposes, understanding its characteristics and size of the resulting radiation dose to patients is much of worth because medical radiation constitutes the largest artificial source of exposure and the medical exposure is in a trend of fast increasing particularly in the developed society. Annual collective doses and per-caput effective doses from different radiology procedures in Korea were estimated by combining the effective dose estimates per single medical procedure and the health insurance statistics in 2002. Values of the effective dose per single procedure were compiled from different sources including NRPB reports, ICRP 80, MIRDOSE3.1 code and independent computations of the authors. The annual collective dose reaches 27440 man-Sv (diagnostic radiology: 22880 man-Sv, nuclear medicine: 4560 man-Sv) which is reduced to the annual per-caput effective dose of 0.58 mSv by dividing by the national population of 47.7 millions. The collective dose is far larger than that of occupational exposures, in the country operated 16 nuclear power plants in 2002, which is no more than 70 man-Sv in the same year. It is particularly noted that the collective dose due to CT scans amounts 9960 man-Sv. These results implies that the national policy for radiation protection should pay much more attention to optimization of patient doses in medicine.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.71 no.1
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• pp.82-89
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• 1985

Morphological characteristics of leaves of 10 natural populations of Quercus mongolica and 9 natural populations of Q. serrata were investigated to study inter-population and intra-population variability as well as interspecies variability. Five leaf form indices, blade length/max. blade width, blade length/petiole length, blade length/vein number, upper 1/3 blade width/max.blade width, upper 1/3 blade width/lower 1/3 blade width, as well as petiole length and vein number were included in the present study of Leaf variabilities of the Quercus population. All of the investigated leaf variabilities except for the case of blade length/petiole length, in Q. serrata indicated highly significant differences among the populations and among the individual trees within population. Both of Q. mongolica and Q. serrata represented different leaf forms between southern populations and northern populations in the indices of blade length/max. blade width, blade length/petiole length and blade length/vein number, and so the leaf forms of northern populations were more similar to the unique characters of Q. mongolica and those of southern populations were more similar to the unique characters of Q. serrata. The variability among individual trees within population was more notable in blade length/petiole length, and petiole length than in other leaf form indices, and also it was more obvious for Mt. Kyeryrong population located in middle part of the country than for other population.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.167-183
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• 2013

This paper aimed to investigate the Asian dust source region and climatic condition of source region by the case of Asian dust in south Korea. In order to analyze the weather condition of source region, observed the Asian dust days data and weather data in China were used. The Asian dust days originating from inner-Mongolia were the most frequent. The Asian dust days originating from all the source regions except Loess plateau were increased recently and occurred over the country. In case of Loess plateau, the frequency of the Asian dust days in 1960s was the highest and only the southern region of the south Korea was mostly affected. The relationship between the Asian dust days of Korea and climatic factors of spring and April of source region was significant. The relationship between the Asian dust days originating from the inner Mongolia and sea level pressure of April and relative humidity of spring was negative. The Asian dust days from Gobi had positive relationship with wind gust days and negative relationship with sea level pressure in April. The Asian dust days from Manchuria had negative relationship with precipitation and sea level pressure in April. The Asian dust days from Loess plateau had positive relationship with maximum wind speed and negative relationship with sea level pressure in April.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.125-134
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• 1999

To analyze in detail the cognitive factors in the sense of place in Korea traditional temples and their occurrence and significance, the questionaring was conducted about the actual condition of visitor's using of and preference for Pulkuksa Temple as an object of the investigation. The result from the analysis of the visitors' sense of respective factors forming the image of the temple is as follows: 1. While the male visitors for outnumbered the female, the female visitors are more satisfied with the senses of the temple than male. The younger visitors are larger in number while the older visitors have the more satisfaction. It took the largest number of the visitors at least three hours to come to the temple. The most numerous are the visitors who came to the temple. The most numerous are the visitors who came to the temple by their own cars. The visitors are coming not only from the Kyunsang Provinces but from all over the country and they made a family trip to the temple. 2. 86 people among the questionees replied that the Tower stands best for Pulkuksa temple. The second largest number of the questionees replied that the main sanctuary does. The third largest number of the questionees replied that the natural environment does. 3. The visitors who came to the temple for sightseeing showed their highest preferences for each of the main sanctuary and the tower. The buddhist visitors also showed the same tendency as non Buddhist ones in their preference. 4. On the whole, the space factors such as buildings and scenes which represent Pulkuksa Temple are the towers such as Sukka Tower and Tabo Tower, the sanctuary buildings such as main sanctuary, the natural scenery such as Toham Mountain, and the steps such as Chungwun-Kyo and Paekwun-Kyo. 5. The potential factors to explain the structural characteristics of the scenery in Pulkuksa Temple are revealed to be a factor of overall valuation, of orderliness, of individuality and of comfortableness, through hypothetical. T.V was 54.1% and the orderliness of Sukkatap was highly evaluated in factor score analysis.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.365-373
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• 2006

With a few exceptions, Korean lakes are artificially constructed for multi-purposes throughout the country. In the majority of cases, a lake is in a multiple series of reservoirs along a river or is an estuary Moreover, nutrient supplying activities (including sand extraction) and biomanipulation(esp., overfishing and fish introduction) are omnipresent in most cases. Furthermore, there is an Asian monsoon every year. In brief, europhication and algal blooms break out as a result of complicated causes. However limnological monitoring and scientific working programs are in the course of beginning. The question is what kind of strategy is desirable to establish a solid limnological database for the efficiency of the restoration process in each Korean reservoir We present light monitoring cases on the basis of algal and some physicochemical data in 2005. Do they give some useful informations despite their simplicity. Based on physicochemical factors and phytoplankton data using Utermohl method and Canonical Correspondence Analysis(CCA) were performed for Lake Cheongpyeong, Lake ASan, Lake Namyang, and Lake SapGyo. The results of CCA showed that Lake Cheongpyeong was different from the other three Lakes at estuary. Also each Lake at estuary was slightly different from one other. This result would encourage to initiate building an adequate Korean reservoir-ecosystem understanding and models for better ecological management despite the limited data. However, the results also indicate to sustain collecting ecological data and building database to interpret the Korean ecological reservoir model.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.2D
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• pp.217-225
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• 2011

Currently our country has very serious problems of traffic congestion and urban environment due to increasing automobile ownership. Recently, our concern about environmentally sustainable transportation and green transportation is increasing, so the government is pushing ahead the policy of bicycle using activation. So it is needed to develop a model to analyze the service level of bicycle roads more realistically. In this study, a neuro-fuzzy inference model to analyze the service level of bicycle roads was built selecting the width of bicycle roads, the number of conflicts during cycling and pedestrian volume, which have fuzzy characteristics, as input variables. The predictability of the model was evaluated comparing the surveyed and the estimated. The values of the statistics, $R^2$, MAE and MSE were 0.987, 0.142, 0.032. Therefore, It may be judged that the explainability of the model is very high. The service levels of bicyle roads estimated by the model are 1~3 steps lower than KHCM assessments. The reason may be explained that the model estimates the service level considering the width of bicycle roads and the number of conflicts simultaneously besides pedestrian volume.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.109-134
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of socio-demographic characteristics, communication ability and cultural identity on marital satisfaction among Kosian housewives living in rural areas. The findings of this study are summarized as follows; First, most Kosian housewives' motivation for international marriage is to seek economic advancement, but 30% of the respondents are below the minimum standard of living. Second, the mean score of Korean cultural identity(KCid) fell into the medium level of the scale, and it was higher than that of original cultural identity(OCid) Third, OCid showed statistically significant relations with age, nationality, occupation in their country, religion, number of children, period of marriage, and motivation for marriage. Fourth, more than half of them fell into the low level communication ability group. The high level communication ability group marked higher scores of KCid than the low level group. Fifth, the high level KCid group marked higher scores in marriage satisfaction than the low group. However, no statistical differences between high and low groups were found in OCid. Fifth, KCid is found to have the most strong impact on marriage satisfaction. The higher the score of KCid and of yearly mean income, the scores of marriage satisfaction were higher. And the lower the score of OCid and of education level, the scores of marriage satisfaction were lower.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.142-148
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• 2013

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench) was traditionally grown on a small scale, however, at present its cultivation is getting momentum in terms of food and animal feed crop throughtout the Korea. Grain mold symptoms of the plant were frequently observed during disease surveys in Korea from 2007 to 2009. The symptoms were highly variable. Severely infected grain was fully covered with mold and partially infected grain may look normal or discolored. Ninety isolates of Fusarium species were obtained from the diseased plants collected from several locations in the country. Among the collected Fusarium isolates, 41 were identified as Fusarium thapsinum, 23 as F. proliferatum, 12 as F. graminearum, 5 as F. incarnatum, and 3 as F. equiseti based on their morphological and cultural characteristics. Elongation factor 1 alpha gene sequences of the isolates were used for phylogenetic analysis. Analyses of the sequences revealed that the isolates were confirmed to be identical with related species of NCBI GenBank. Pathogenicity tests showed that three dominant species, F. thapsinum, F. proliferatum and F. graminearum were strongly virulent to grains of sorghum. This study is the first report of sorghum grain mold caused by Fusarium species in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1604-1612
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• 1999

The study was carried out to investigate the quality of the wet noodle added with the powders of nopal and nopalitos from Opuntia ficus-indica. The wet noodles were prepared to the ratio of 3, 6 and 9% (w/w) of the nopal and the nopalitos based on a flour weight. The initial pasting temperature and final viscosity in an amylograph decreased as the increase of the nopal and the nopalitos powders. A cooked weight and volume decreased with the increase of the nopal and the nopalitos powders, while a cooking loss increased. From the sensory evaluation, the wet noodles included 3% nopalitos and 6% nopal powders were similarly evaluated as the noodle used whole wheat flour. Bacterial counts of wet noodle with the nopal and the nopalitos powders were always lower than those of the control. Bacterial counts of wet noodle slowly increased as the increase of the amount of nopal and the nopalitos powders during storage at $4^{\circ}C\;and\;20^{\circ}C$. The methanol extracts from the nopal showed antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli O157 : H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus subtilis, while the extracts from the nopalitos showed antimicrobial activity only against Escherichia coli.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.478-501
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to understand spatial economic inequalities under the framework of the dynamics of economic spaces in relation to the four global megatrends: globalization, knowledge-based economy, information society, and the service world. The international inequalities in East Asia, as well as inter-regional inequalities within Japan, Korea, and Thailand were analyzed. The variables related to the four megatrends, as a whole, have clearly explained the variations in international inequalities in East Asia, as well as the inter-regional inequalities within a nation. The individual impacts of the variables on spatial inequalities are, however, significantly different depending on the spatial scale of analysis and national characteristics. Overall, there has been a convergence trend of international per capita GNI (Gross National Income) in East Asian nations, while both divergent and convergent trends are evident at the regional scale within a nation. Two global oil crises in the 1970s and the East Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s resulted in the discontinuity of the general convergence trend, and have led to the increase of international and inter-regional inequalities in economic activities. This suggests that although the effect of the global crisis differs in each country, in general, the economies of peripheral countries and regions are more vulnerable during a global economic crisis.