• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.24_1
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• pp.97-144
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• 2014

Jeungsan(甑山) carried out the Universal Redesign(天地公事) through which the former world full of a mutual opposition(相克) can be peacefully transferred into the latter world composed of a mutual beneficence(相生). Although the Universal Redesign consists of such three factors heaven, earth, and human, it converges towards Human Redesign in that humans are the main agents for heaven and earth. Human as Redesign object is characterized as a member of community, not an anarchistic individual. The Universal Resign of Jeungsan is eventually connected with the construction of a country comprising a mutual beneficence in that it is the most typical strain among all the human communities. His Universal Resign for foundering the foremost country does not target all the countries, but only one country upon and through which the world with a mutual beneficence can be formed. He executed the Universal Redesign based on such three principles as Haewon sangsaeng(解冤相生), Boeunsangsaeng(報恩相生), and Wonsibanbon(原始返本), Judging from such principles, Korea can be naturally selected as the target of the Universal Redesign for constructing the foremost country. It is approaching when the Universal Redesign in order to transform Korea into the foremost country comes true. The first step for Korea to be made as the foremost country is the construction of DMZ World Peace Park (DWPP) which was proposed by Bak Geunhye, the Korean President, to Obama, the President of USA, in 2013 she visited there. DWPP can be expected to be a center for corporation and interchange between South and North Korea under the interest and support of the world including UN, furthermore, the Capital area of reunified Korea, and finally the world hub of inter national political and economic relation. DWPP is planned to be built at the core of the best place in Korea which is a propitious spot all over the world, upon which a new world capitalism order armed with mutual beneficence can spread.

• Korean Architects
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• s.620
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• pp.185-189
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• 2020

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.135-148
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• 2010

Arab boycotts of Danish products, Australian boycotts of French products and Chinese consumer aversion toward Japanese products are all examples of how adverse actions at the country level might impact consumers' behavior. The animosity literature has examined how consumers react to the adverse actions of other countries, and how such animosity impacts consumers' attitudes and preferences for products from the transgressing country. For example, Chinese consumers are less likely to buy Japanese products because of Japanese atrocities during World War II and the unjust economic dealings of the Japanese (Klein, Ettenson and Morris 1998). The marketing literature, however, has not examined how consumers react to adverse actions committed by their own country against other countries, and whether such actions affect their attitudes towards purchasing products that originated from the adversely affected country. The social psychology literature argues that consumers will experience a feeling called collective guilt, in response to such adverse actions. Collective guilt stems from the distress experienced by group members when they accept that their group is responsible for actions that have harmed another group (Branscombe, Slugoski, and Kappenn 2004). Examples include Americans feeling guilty about the atrocities committed by the U.S. military at Abu Ghraib prison (Iyer, Schamder and Lickel 2007), and the Dutch about their occupation of Indonesia in the past (Doosje et al. 1998). The primary aim of this study is to examine consumers' perceptions of adverse actions by members of one's own country against another country and whether such perceptions affected their attitudes towards products originating from the country transgressed against. More specifically, one objective of this study is to examine the perceptual antecedents of collective guilt, an emotional reaction to adverse actions performed by members of one's country against another country. Another objective is to examine the impact of collective guilt on consumers' perceptions of, and preference for, products originating from the country transgressed against by the consumers' own country. If collective guilt emerges as a significant predictor, companies originating from countries that have been transgressed against might be able to capitalize on such unfortunate events. This research utilizes the animosity model introduced by Klein, Ettenson and Morris (1998) and later expanded on by Klein (2002). Klein finds that U.S. consumers harbor animosity toward the Japanese. This animosity is experienced in response to events that occurred during World War II (i.e., the bombing of Pearl Harbor) and more recently the perceived economic threat from Japan. Thus this study argues that the events of Word War II (i.e., bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki) might lead U.S. consumers to experience collective guilt. A series of three hypotheses were introduced. The first hypothesis deals with the antecedents of collective guilt. Previous research argues that collective guilt is experienced when consumers perceive that the harm following a transgression is illegitimate and that the country from which the transgressors originate should be responsible for the adverse actions. (Wohl, Branscombe, and Klar 2006). Therefore the following hypothesis was offered: H1a. Higher levels of perceived illegitimacy for the harm committed will result in higher levels of collective guilt. H1b. Higher levels of responsibility will be positively associated with higher levels of collective guilt. The second and third hypotheses deal with the impact of collective guilt on the preferences for Japanese products. Klein (2002) found that higher levels of animosity toward Japan resulted in a lower preference for a Japanese product relative to a South Korean product but not a lower preference for a Japanese product relative to a U.S. product. These results therefore indicate that the experience of collective guilt will lead to a higher preference for a Japanese product if consumers are contemplating a choice that inv olves a decision to buy Japanese versus South Korean product but not if the choice involves a decision to buy a Japanese versus a U.S. product. H2. Collective guilt will be positively related to the preference for a Japanese product over a South Korean product, but will not be related to the preference for a Japanese product over a U.S. product. H3. Collective guilt will be positively related to the preference for a Japanese product over a South Korean product, holding constant product judgments and animosity. An experiment was conducted to test the hypotheses. The illegitimacy of the harm and responsibility were manipulated by exposing respondents to a description of adverse events occurring during World War II. Data were collected using an online consumer panel in the United States. Subjects were randomly assigned to either the low levels of responsibility and illegitimacy condition (n=259) or the high levels of responsibility and illigitemacy (n=268) condition. Latent Variable Structural Equation Modeling (LVSEM) was used to test the hypothesized relationships. The first hypothesis is supported as both the illegitimacy of the harm and responsibility assigned to the Americans for the harm committed against the Japanese during WWII have a positive impact on collective guilt. The second hypothesis is also supported as collective guilt is positively related to preference for a Japanese product over a South Korean product but is not related to preference for a Japanese product over a U.S. product. Finally there is support for the third hypothesis, since collective guilt is positively related to the preference for a Japanese product over a South Korean product while controlling for the effect of product judgments about Japanese products and animosity. The results of these studies lead to several conclusions. First, the illegitimacy of harm and responsibility can be manipulated and that they are antecedents of collective guilt. Second, collective guilt has an impact on a consumers' decision when they face a choice set that includes a product from the country that was the target of the adverse action and a product from another foreign country. This impact however disappears from a consumers' decision when they face a choice set that includes a product from the country that was the target of the adverse action and a domestic product. This result suggests that collective guilt might be a viable factor for company originating from the country transgressed against if its competitors are foreign but not if they are local.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.421-440
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• 2010

Our country has excessive amount of learning per hour compared with Japan and Singapore. And as there is no consistence for definition of time between grades, it deteriorates understanding of students. Our country teaches students focusing on time algorism whereas Japan and Singapore teaches their students focusing on flow of time. In composing of mathematics textbook in Korea, Japan and Singapore, textbook of our country contains far more of learning compared with the amount designated in textbooks. Textbooks of Japan contains less teaching elements, but instead it contains much activities to expedite time sense As time is distributed in activities of students, it is more important to construct textbooks with experience of students rather than algorism approaches. In addition, textbooks of Singapore contains various examples and clarified concepts compared with those of our country. Like above, time teaching deployment methods of Japan and Singapore gives us good lessons for teaching time in our country, and it is expected be good reference for future development of our textbooks.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.57
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• pp.221-241
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• 2013

Country of origin is very important in terms of consumers right to know, protection of producer, national finance and tariff preference etc. The principal issues related to country of origin are breaches of origin mark, determination of origin of OEM products, domestic products using imported raw materials, exports products, and fairness of penalties. This study focus origin mark issues on key components and set products which have not been treated so far. First, Origin mark issues on key components need to introduce multiple countries of origin for the same products. Some specific products, which are considered important key components or materials, has to mark multiple country of origin in terms of portion and significance. Next, Origin mark issues on set products need to expand the objects from 15 listed items of Korea Foreign Trade Act to all items of HS tariff schedules of Korea Customs Act. A set products which below 15% of components can mark single country of origin like FTA agreement such as Korea-EU FTA, Korea-EFTA, Korea-US FTA and Korea-Peru FTA.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.69
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• pp.153-178
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• 2016

The United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods(CISG) leaves a number of aspects concerning commercial sales untouched. In particular, it is not concerned with the validity of the contract or of any of its provisions or of any usage. And UNIDROIT don't deal with all-round validity in International Commercial Contract. Especially, UNIDROIT includes declaration of intention department. The UNIDROIT contains the chapter 3 on the "validity" in terms of the defects of consent such as mistake, fraud, and threat as well as "gross disparity". Notwithstanding these provisions, the Principles did not deal with invalidity arising from the lack of capacity or authority, or immorality or illegality. On the other hand, there are arguments that the corresponding provisions of the Principles of International Commercial Contracts(UNIDROIT Principles; PICC). Therefore, Validity in International Commercial Contract is delegate by Each Country Law. So Trade practicer should know full well about Each Country Law Position. People(human, corporation, company) of position Trade practice classify each country civil law relation to validity of commercial contract. This paper is to examine the Validity of UNIDROIT Principles. Also this paper analyses comparison on each country position relation to capacity of right, capacity to act, illegality of contract, declaration of intention. In conclusion, This paper expect that people of trade practice makes use of analysis knowledge.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Systems Engineering
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

Developing Build-Own (or Operate)-Transfer (BOT) nuclear power project carrying large capital in the long term requires initially well-made multi-decision which it prevents sorts of risks from unexpected situation of target countries. In order to analyze the feasibility of project country, the Analytic Hierarchy Process is adopted. Firstly, the factors influencing the success of BOT nuclear power project in overseas countries were investigated through the literature survey for the country risk and were evaluated by expert interview for estimating comparative weight through pairwise comparison between such factors. Finally, it is developed comparative database of alternate countries with respect to each factor. This analytic method enables the developer to select and focus on the country which has preferable circumstance so that it enhances the efficiency of the project promotion. Also, it enables the developer to quantify the qualitative factors so that it diversifies the project success strategy and policy for the target country.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.915-930
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate how subcategories of the country-specific-advantage (CSA), which has been discussed in previous studies, affect the buying intention of Korean rice. After reviewing existing studies and examining research models based on them, a research model was verified by questionnaires and statistical analysis. The results of the surveys and statistical analyses reveal that the CSA factors presented in previous studies can also be applied in the context of Korean rice products. The results show that environmental resource, cultural resource and visual element factors influenced the buying intention through perceived quality. In addition, cultural resource perception factors have a direct effect on buying intention. This is consistent with previous studies showing that emotional communication approaches are ineffective for products that are perceived to have functional characteristics. Based on the results of this study, it was confirmed that CSA factors are suitable for the product and export target area. Strategic implications are suggested in that it is necessary to build marketing strategies to improve the perceived quality by the four factors. The theoretical implications are as follows. The sub-factors that constitute COI may have a negative effect and a positive effect; thus, it is necessary to utilize CSA when considering the product and country characteristics. The CSA factors revealed in previous studies are also significant in other regions and products. Finally, the theoretical implication is that consumers use CSA as a clue to evaluate quality.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.99-112
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• 1992

The purpose of the present study was to investigate methodological and theoretical problems in measuring the acquisition of national identity of in-country and over-seas Korean adolescents. The subjects consisted of 344 in-country and 89 over-seas (total 433) adolescents. 14 to 26 years of age. Data were collected with the use of two questionnaires. The Cognition of National Characteristics(CNC) and The Measure of National Belongings(MNB). As statistical measures. F-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used. The results are disclosed as follows; 1) The concept of national identity organized not only cognition of the national characteristics in multi-dimension which is related each other, but also a sense of belonging. 2) Two measuring methods(CNC and MNB) for this study are closely related. 3) Overseas Korean adolescents performed more than in-country Korean adolescents in 5 sub-national characteristics(language, social norm, history of the nation, & breaking with ideological thinking) except the consanguinity, of CNC and MNB. Crisis hypothesis was supposed as alternative factor to explain that overseas Korean adolescents cognified about the national characteristics and feel a sense of belonging more than the in-country respondents. 4) Some demographic variables, such as age of the respondents, place of birth, level of understanding Korean language, are contributed to acquiring national identity.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.7
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• pp.343-348
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• 2020

So far, research into multinational bank' overseas expansion has focused on foreign direct investment in the financial services industry. However, this study focused its existing theories on multinational banks on decision-making related to the type of overseas advancement of local financial institutions. For research, four environmental factors were considered: the scale of foreign direct investment, the scope of financial services that can be provided according to the rules of the host country, the corporate tax rate of the host country, and the level of development of the host country's banking industry. Through Kotra, data on the total amount of claims from 2010 to 2014 and the regulatory status for the country's financial industries were obtained. Hypothesis are built around theories and survey factors and has been demonstrated through regression analysis. Results show that Korean financial institutions tend to expand as legally independent subsidiaries where the corporate tax rate of the host country is relatively low. Contrary to the previous studies based on the U.S. banking corporates, results show that Korean banks tend to expand in forms of branches to the host countries with high level of banking system development.