• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.2037-2042
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• 2013

A TCO-less palladium (Pd) catalytic layer on the glass substrate was assessed as the counter electrode (CE) in a dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) to confirm the stability of Pd with the $I^-/I_3{^-}$electrolyte on the DSSC performance. A 90nm-thick Pd film was deposited by a thermal evaporator. Finally, DSSC devices of $0.45cm^2$ with glass/FTO/blocking layer/$TiO_2$/dye/electrolyte(10 mM LiI + 1 mM $I_2$ + 0.1 M $LiClO_4$ in acetonitrile solution)/Pd/glass structure was prepared. We investigated the microstructure and photovoltaic property at 1 and 12 hours after the sample preparation. The optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), cyclic voltammetry measurement (C-V), and current voltage (I-V) were employed to measure the microstructure and photovoltaic property evolution. Microstructure analysis showed that the corrosion by reaction between the Pd layer and the electrolyte occurred as time went by, which led the decrease of the catalytic activity and the efficiency. I-V result revealed that the energy conversion efficiency after 1 and 12 hours was 0.34% and 0.15%, respectively. Our results implied that we might employ the other non-$I^-/I_3{^-}$electrolyte or the other catalytic metal layers to guarantee the long term stability of the DSSC devices.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.19
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• pp.99-116
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• 2018

As a leading institution for conservation science in Korea, the National Museum of Korea (NMK) has conducted diverse efforts in this field through conservation treatment, analysis, research, and other relevant affairs over the past four decades. However, conservation science at the NMK has been facing difficulties due to insufficient human resources for handling its extensive collection, decrepit equipment, an expanding number of requests for support from other institutions, and increasing calls for enhancing its functions. In view of these challenges, this study diagnosed the current situation and examined the functions required in order to suggest plans for the development of conservation science at the NMK. In this regard, it reviewed current activities at the museum and conducted case studies of overseas institutions to propose five functions to be enhanced or introduced at the NMK. First, the NMK should refine the existing functions of conservation treatment and enhance its support for conservation science. In addition, it is recommended to introduce and develop advanced analysis and diagnosis involving valuations, conservation environment management to counter climate change, and content-based digital conservation/restoration. The functional enhancements and introduction of the new functions as described above would help the NMK develop into a leading center for conservation science in Asia.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.75-103
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• 2008

It is widely recognized that destruction of the eco-system with the counter-effect from the rapid industrialization threatens the life of human species. Furthermore, the extinction of some wild species keeps sending a warning message on the threat to human lives in the sense that both the human and wild lives have coexisted for a long time before the industrialization. Therefore, this study will shed a light on the importance of a natural ecology protection, focusing on wild-life conservation. This will provide an opportunity to consider the economic value of biodiversity through conservation of diverse wild lives and a natural ecology. Also, the irreversible damage to natural resources and extinction of certain species represent the urgency of this issue. This paper will perform a theoretical examination on the concept of wild plants and animals, an analysis of factors influencing their survivals, as well as the theory of natural ecology protections. This also examine the problems arising out of current domestic legislation of a natural ecology protection, comparing it with case studies of foreign countries. Through these analysis, this paper will seek for a maintenance of the currently enforcing natural ecology protection law to overcome its limits and will ultimately find alternatives to current system.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.359-366
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• 2014

We investigated an electrochemical properties for Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of saturated fatty acid and phospholipid(L-${\alpha}$-dimyristoylphosphatidyl choline, DMPC) mixture. LB films of saturated fatty acid and DMPC monolayer were deposited by the LB method on the indium tin oxide(ITO) glass. The electrochemical properties measured by cyclic voltammetry with three-electrode system(an Ag/AgCl reference electrode, a platinum wire counter electrode and LB film-coated ITO working electrode) in $NaClO_4$ solution. As a result, monolayer LB films of saturated fatty acid and phospholipid mixture was appeared on irreversible process caused by the oxidation current from the cyclic voltammogram. Diffusion coefficient (D) of saturated fatty acid and DMPC mixture(molar ratio 1:1, C12, C14, C16, C18) was calculated $1.2{\times}10^{-3}$, $2.1{\times}10^{-3}$, $1.4{\times}10^{-4}$ and $1.1{\times}10^{-3}cm^2/s$ in 0.05 N $NaClO_4$ solution, respectively.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.48
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• pp.259-285
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• 2016

As the need for anti-terrorism legislation has been continuously argued, Anti-terrorism act has been enacted and enforced. On the other hand, there still remain a lot of points to be discussed regarding the definition of the concept of terrorism, matters of human rights violations, strengthening authority of the investigation and intelligence agencies, and mobilization military forces for the suppression of terrorism. Also, reviewing Anti-terrorism act and its enforcement ordinance draft, this legislation seems to regulate terrorist groups like IS. If so, in the case of terrorism of North Korea or domestic anti-government organizations, whether this law would be applied could become an issue. In the case of terrorism of North Korea, Ministry of National Defense has a right of commandership in the military operations, however, it is also possible to apply the article 4 of Natural Security Act a crime of performing objective-or a crime of foreign exchange on Criminal law as legal grounds for not military terrorisms but general investigations. Therefore, it is necessary to involve consideration about this matter. Furthermore, in the view of investigation, Anti-terrorism act and its enforcement ordinance draft do not mention Supreme Prosecutors Office and Ministry of Justice that conduct investigations. In the case of terrorism, the police and prosecution should conduct to arrest criminals and determine crimes at the investigation stage, however, any explicit article related to this content in Anti-terrorism act and its enforcement ordinance draft was unable to be found. Although Anti-terrorism act is certainly toward preventive aspects, considering some matters such as prevention, actions on the scene, maneuver after terrorism, arresting terrorists, investigation direction, cooperation, and mutual assistance, it is necessary to reflect these contents in Anti-terrorism act. In other words, immediately after terrorists attacks, it is possible to mobilize the military operations by Integrated Defense act in order to arrest them in the case of military terrorism. Nevertheless, because both military terrorism and general one are included in the investigation stage, it needs to begin an investigation under the direction of the prosecution. Therefore, above all, a device for finding out the truth behind the case at the investigation stage is not reflected in the current Anti-terrorism act and its enforcement ordinance draft. Accordingly, if National Intelligence Service approaches information at the prevention level in this situation, it may be necessary to come up with follow-up measures of the police, the prosecution, and military units.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.22
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• pp.113-144
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• 2010

Bioterrorism is becoming more attractive to terrorist groups owing to the dramatic increase in the utility and lethality of biological weapons in line with today's cutting-edge biological science and technology. The Republic of Korea is facing both internal and external terrorist threats, as well as the possible biological warfare by North Korea. Therefore, it is essential to establish an effective bioterrorism response system in the ROK. In order to come up with the adequate response system for the ROK, an in-depth study has been conducted on the current bioterrorism response system of the U.S. whose preparedness is considered relatively adamant. As a result, the following facts have been found: (1)the legislation with regard to bioterrorism has been established or amended according to the current situation in the U.S., (2)the counter terrorism activities have been integrated with the Department of the Homeland Security as the central agency in order to maximize the national CT capacity, (3)Specific procedures and instructions to cope with bioterrorism have been made into manuals so as to enhance the working-level response capabilities. Next, the analysis on the ROK's bioterrorism response system has been performed in various categories, including the legislation system, task role distribution, cooperative relations, and resource application. It turned out that the ROK's legislation basis is relatively weak and it lacks the apparatus to integrate the bioterrorism response activities on the national level. The shortage of the adequate response facilities and resources, as well as the poor management of manpower have also emerged as problems that hinder the effective CT implementations. Through an analytical and comparative study of the U.S. and the ROK systems, this paper presents several ways to ameliorate improve the current system in the ROK as follows: (1)establish the anti-terrorism law, which would be the basic legal basis for the bioterrorism-related matters; and make revisions to the disaster-related legislation, relevant to bioterrorism response activities, (2)establish an integrated body that has a powerful authority to coordinate the relevant CT agencies; and converge the decentralized functions to maximize the overall response capacity, (3)install the laboratories with a high biosafety level and secure enough of the strategic medical stock-pile, (4)enhance the ability of the inexperienced response personnel by providing with a manual that has detailed instructions.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.197-209
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• 2007

In this study, a multi-staged pilot-scale membrane plant was constructed and operated for the separation of $CO_2$ from LNG-fired boiler flue gas of 1,000 $Nm^3/day$. The target purity and recovery ratio of $CO_2$ required for the pilot plant were 99% and 90%, respectively. For this purpose, we previously developed the asymmetric polyethersulfone hollow fibers and evaluated the effects of operating pressure and feed concentration of $CO_2$ on separation performance[1,2]. The permeation data obtained were also analyzed in relation with the numerical simulation data using counter-current flow model[3,4]. Based on these results, we designed and prepared the demonstration plant consisting of dehumidification process and four-staged membrane process. The operation results using this plant were compared with the numerical simulation results on multi-staged membrane process. The experimental results matched well with the numerical simulation data. The concentration and the recovery ratio of $CO_2$ in the final stage permeate stream were ranged from $95{\sim}99%$ and $70{\sim}95%$, respectively, depending on the operating conditions. This study demonstrated the applicability of the membrane-based pilot plant for $CO_2$ recovery from flue gas.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1671-1681
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• 2013

The study selected 10 regions among major Korean cities. Then the study classified the yearly change of relative humidity of those regions for 37 years based on 1996 (from 1974 to 2011) aimed at high temperature days, and examined them by stage regarding daily maximum temperature. For large cities and small cities, in general relative humidity had been likely to increase at high temperatures of $30^{\circ}C$ or over before 1996, whereas it has decreased since 1996. For suburban areas, relative humidity had been prone to diminish before 1996, whereas it has been likely to either increase since 1996 or rarely some of the cities have not shown any change. The increasing tendency of relative humidity before 1996 in large cities and small cities is believed to be because of an increase of the latent heat of vaporization by the supply of steam from cooling towers established in downtown areas. Meanwhile, the decreasing tendency from 1996 is concluded to be caused by the change from counter-current circular cooling towers, which produce a great quantity of steam including arsenic acid, to cross-flow cooling towers, which produce hardly any steam containing arsenic acid. This change was in accordance with the modification and pursuit of an urban planning law that ordered cooling towers that had been installed on rooftops be installed in the basement of buildings in consideration of a "Green network creation" project by the Ministry of Environment, urban beautification, concerns since 1996 over building collapses, and according to an argument that steam containing arsenic acid could be harmful to human health owing to chemicals contained in the water in the cooling tower in summer.

• Strategy21
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• s.39
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• pp.82-113
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• 2016

This paper analyzes the contents and the effects of the UNSC 2270, and its implications to South Korea's defense strategy and navy. The UN Security Council passed strong sanctions against North Korea which punish North Korea's 4^th nuclear test. The sanctions compared to the previous ones require international society to take practical actions such as comprehensive trade bans as well as diplomatic isolation which will put significant pains on North Korea. Especially, these measures would greatly hamper economic development policy of Kim Joung-un regime. Because Kim Jung-un regime has inherent legitimacy problems which stems from the third family succession of the power, economic difficulties may play an important cause on the regime instability in the long term. In fact, the United States sees this possibility as an option to coerce North Korea in which North Korea choose denuclearization for its regime survival. Nevertheless, the prospects of the UN sanctions are not so optimistic. Considering North Korea's willingness for nuclear development and its level of nuclear technology, North Korea will try to play a gambit with the US and South Korea by exploiting its strategic advantages. North Korea's response will have three following strategies. First, it would actively pursue political and economic survival strategy by using China's support for the regime, strengthening its power grip in the name of countering US hostile policy, and enhancing peace propaganda. Second, North Korea will accelerate efforts to position its status as a nuclear de facto state. For this purpose, it could create nuclear crisis on the peninsula. Third, it would exploit local provocations as an exit strategy to get over the current situation. In order to counter North Korea's actions and punish North Korea's behavior strongly, South Korea needs following strategies and efforts. It should first make all the efforts to implement the UN sanctions. Strong and practical nuclear deterrence strategy and capability with the U.S. should be developed. Effective strategy and capabilities for the prevention and deterrence of North Korea's provocation should be prepared. For this purpose, North Korea's provocation strategy should be thoroughly reviewed. Active international cooperation is needed to punish and coerce North Korea's behavior. Finally, South Korea should prepare for the possible occurrence of North Korea's contingency and make use of the situation as an opportunity to achieve unification. All these strategies and efforts demand the more active roles and missions of South Korea's navy and thus, nullify North Korea's intention militarily.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.301-308
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• 2018

Anthropogenic radioactive noble gases formed by nuclear fission are significant indicators used to monitor the nuclear activity of neighboring countries. In particular, radioactive xenon, owing to its abundant generation and short half-life, can be used to detect nuclear testing, and radioactive krypton has been used as a tracer to monitor the reprocessing of nuclear fuels. Released radioactive noble gases are in the atmosphere at infinitesimal amounts due to their dilution in the air and their short half-life decay. Therefore, to obtain reliable and significant data when performing measurement of noble gases in the atmosphere, the minimum detectable activity (MDA) for noble gases should be defined as low as possible. In this study, the MDA values for radioactive xenon and krypton were theoretically obtained based on the BfS-IAR system by collecting both noble gases simultaneously. In addition, various MDA methods, confidence level and analysis conditions were suggested to reduce and optimize MDA with an assessment of the factors affecting MDA. The current investigation indicated that maximizing the pretreatment efficiency and performance maintenance of the counter were the most important aspects for Xe. In the case of Kr, since sample activities are much higher than those of Xe, it is possible to change the target MDA or to simplification of the analysis system.