• 제목/요약/키워드: Counter Chain

검색결과 39건 처리시간 0.023초

Counter Chain: A New Block Cipher Mode of Operation

  • El-Semary, Aly Mohamed;Azim, Mohamed Mostafa A.
    • Journal of Information Processing Systems
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.266-279
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    • 2015
  • In this paper, we propose a novel block cipher mode of operation, which is known as the counter chain (CC) mode. The proposed CC mode integrates the cipher block chaining (CBC) block cipher mode of operation with the counter (CTR) mode in a consistent fashion. In the CC mode, the confidentiality and authenticity of data are assured by the CBC mode, while speed is achieved through the CTR mode. The proposed mode of operation overcomes the parallelization deficiency of the CBC mode and the chaining dependency of the counter mode. Experimental results indicate that the proposed CC mode achieves the encryption speed of the CTR mode, which is exceptionally faster than the encryption speed of the CBC mode. Moreover, our proposed CC mode provides better security over the CBC mode. In summary, the proposed CC block cipher mode of operation takes the advantages of both the Counter mode and the CBC mode, while avoiding their shortcomings.

Dispersion of Aqueous $Al_2O_3$Suspensions with Electrolytes; Influence of the Counter Ion

  • Cecile Pagnoux;Richard Laucournet;Thierry Chartier;Baumard, Jean-Francois
    • The Korean Journal of Ceramics
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    • 제6권3호
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    • pp.280-285
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    • 2000
  • The electrolyte, $(HO)_2C_6H_2(SO_3Na)_2H_2O $(Tiron), disperses efficiently alumina powder in aqueous media and stable suspensions with 60 vol% solid loading can be prepared. The strong adsorption of this additive is mainly due to the ability of the molecule to form chelate rings with the particle surface but electrostatic interactions between the surface charge and the anionic dispersant strongly influence the amount of Tiron adsorbed. By using a cationic exchange route to substitute the counter ion which neutralizes the sulfonate groups, new molecules of dispersant have been prepared, either with mineral cations as $Li^+,\; Na+^,\; NH_4^\;+$, or with organic cations as counter ion but organic counter ions lead to less to less viscous suspensions than $Na^+$ in particular when the number of carbon atoms of the aliphatic chain increases from 1 to 3.

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양이온성 수분산 폴리우레탄의 물성에 대한 중화제와 사슬연장제의 영향 (Effects of Neutralizers and Chain Extenders on the Properties of Cationic Polyurethane Water Dispersions)

  • 신은영;김형중
    • 폴리머
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    • 제35권2호
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    • pp.171-175
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    • 2011
  • Isophorone diisocyanate(IPDI), polytetramethylene glycol 1000(PTMG 1000), 그리고 N-methyl diethanol amine(MDEA)을 사용하여 양이온성 수분산 폴리우레탄을 제조하였다. 중화제와 사슬연장제의 구조변화에 따른 입도, 점도, $T_g$, 인장강도 그리고 수 팽윤도와 같은 물성의 변화를 알아보기 위해 여러 가지 중화제와 사슬연장제를 도입하였다. Acetic acid(AA)를 사용하여 중화한 수분산 폴리우레탄은 전형적인 elastomer의 거동을 보이는 반면, hydrochloric acid (HCI)로 중화한 경우에는 crystalline polymer의 거동을 보였다. 사슬연장제 중에서는 isophorone diamine(IPDA)이 가장 우수한 기계적 물성을 나타내었다. HCl로 중화하였을 경우 acetic acid로 중화하였을 때보다 압도가 감소함을 확인하였는데 이는 중화제의 반대이온(counter ion) 크기 차이 때문으로 여겨지며 hydrazine으로 사슬연장하였을 때 가장 작은 입도값을 나타내었다.

Surveillant: a supervision mechanism between blockchains for efficient cross-chain verification

  • Liang, Xinyu;Chen, Jing;Du, Ruiying;Zhao, Tianrui
    • KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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    • 제16권8호
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    • pp.2507-2528
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    • 2022
  • Blockchain interoperability, which refers in particular to the ability to access information across blockchain systems, plays the key role for different blockchains to communicate with each other, and further supports the superstructure built on top of the cross-chain mechanism. Nowadays, blockchain interoperability technology is still in its infancy. The existing cross-chain scheme such as BTCRelay requires that the smart contract in a blockchain to download and maintain block headers of the other blockchain, which is costly in maintenance and inefficient to use. In this paper, we propose a supervision mechanism between blockchains, called Surveillant. Specially, the new entities called dual-functional nodes are introduced to commit the real-time information from the blockchain under supervision to the supervising blockchain, which enables users to have efficient cross-chain verification. Furthermore, we introduce Merkle mountain range for blocks aggregation to deal with the large-scale committing data. We propose the design of long orphan branch counter to trace the bifurcations in the blockchain under supervision. The existing incentive mechanism is improved to encourage the behaviors of dual-functional nodes. In Surveillant, the analysis and experimental results demonstrate that users are able to have efficient cross-chain verification with low maintenance overhead.

LiDAR 시스템용 절대시간 측정을 위한 위상고정루프 기반 시간 디지털 변환기 설계 (Design of Phase Locked Loop (PLL) based Time to Digital Converter for LiDAR System with Measurement of Absolute Time Difference)

  • 유상선
    • 한국정보통신학회논문지
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    • 제25권5호
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    • pp.677-684
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    • 2021
  • 본 논문은 절대 시간 측정 가능한 시간 디지털 변환기에 대한 논문으로 제안하는 시간 디지털 변환기는 0.18-um CMOS 공정을 이용하여 설계 되었고 IC로 제작하여 검증하였다. 설계된 시간 디지털 변환기는 라이다 시스템에 적용하기 위하여 긴 측정시간과 절대적인 50ps를 측정할 수 있어야하는데 위상고정루프의 625MHz 클록을 기준클록으로 사용하기 때문에 절대시간의 측정이 가능하며 디지털 보정회로를 이용하여 어떤 상황에서 든 50ps의 분해능을 가질 수 있다. 기준클록을 카운터하여 큰 시간 단위의 측정을 할 수 있어 최대 800ns의 시간이 측정가능하고 딜레이 체인을 이용하여 정밀한 시간 값을 측정 할 수 있다. 결과적으로 제작된 시간 디지털 변환기는 50ps 단위로 시간을 측정할 수 있는데 최대 오차는 INL 0.8-LSB정도이며 1.8V 인가전압에 전력 소모는 약 70mW 정도이다.

공급사슬관리의 예측전략과 지연전략 선택을 위한 프로파일링 접근법 (Profiling Approach for the Choice between Speculation and Postponement Strategy in Supply Chain Management)

  • 강성욱;김규배
    • 유통과학연구
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    • 제12권4호
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    • pp.47-54
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    • 2014
  • Purpose - The postponement strategy, which delays the form, place, and production of products as late as possible, has been widely considered as a competitive supply chain management scheme in an era of mass customization and modular manufacturing. An interesting business phenomenon is that not all manufacturing/logistics firms choose the postponement strategy. Given that postponement is a counter-measure to speculation, which has some advantages under certain environments, the current imprudent inclination toward the postponement strategy may cause firms to lose the potential of the speculation strategy, an alternative strategy in supply chain management. Building on the logistics and manufacturing literature, this study examines characteristics of two contrasting strategies, postponement and speculation, and major factors favoring each strategy. Research design, data, and methodology - We apply the profiling approach to two business cases, HP printer and LG mobile phone. The profiling approach is a method of choosing a particular strategy aligned with environmental factors. While various approaches have been used to check the fit between a business strategy and environmental factors, the literature on manufacturing strategy and logistics has commonly adopted the profiling approach. Major factors used in profiling variables are derived from the literature. Two samples, HP printer and LG mobile phone, are selected, because they represent major characteristics appropriate for each strategy. The profiling is based on data from semi-organized interviews with managers. Results - The profiling approach shows that the postponement strategy is a suitable one for HP printers. Most factors, such as product life cycle, large production volume, low-price, product value, and monetary density, support delaying end products until as late as possible. Despite some exceptions, such as delivery time and economy of scale, our analysis states that the overall profile of HP printer is favorable for the postponement strategy. On the other hand, LG mobile phone may adapt the speculation strategy. Although it has large production volume and low delivery frequency, most characteristics support the speculation strategy for this product. An interesting finding is that, despite common perception that advanced technology products such as mobile telephones favor the postponement strategy, profiling proposes the speculation strategy for this product. Conclusions - Our analysis shows that speculation is not the universal option for supply chain management, and that, when choosing a specific strategy, one should consider many factors simultaneously. A major implication of our work is to emphasize the role of environmental factors such as supply chain variables in choosing an inventory strategy, and the importance of fit rather than solely strategic orientation. A theoretical contribution is to demonstrate the benefit of the simultaneous consideration of business variables in choosing specific strategies. For practitioners, our work leads us to consider the existence and the potential of speculation as a counter-measure to postponement. In addition, the comprehensive framework in this research may be instantly used in examining a practical strategy.

Synthesis of Thiol-Functionalized Ionic Liquids and Formation of Self-Assembled Monolayer on Gold Surfaces: Effects of Alkyl Group and Anion on the Surface Wettability

  • Lee, Bang-Sook;Lee, Sang-Gi
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제25권10호
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    • pp.1531-1537
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    • 2004
  • Twenty four thiol-functionalized ionic liquids based on imidazolium cation, 1-(12-mercaptododecyl)-3-alkylimidazolium salts, have been synthesized, and utilized to investigate the effects of alkyl-chain length and anion on the wettability of Au surfaces on the basis of self-assembled monolayers presenting [(CnSAMIM)X], where n = 1-6, X = Br, $BF_4$, $PF_4$ and $NTf_2$. Water wettabilities of the surfaces were measured as a water contact angle by contact angle goniometry. It was found that water wettability of the Au surfaces coated with imidazolium ions was largely dependent not only on counter anions but also on the length of alkyl chains. In the case of SAMs of N-alkylimidazolium ions having short length of N-alkyl chain (C1-$C_4$), anions played great role in determining water wettability of the surfaces.

중국의 해군력 증강과 미국 해군의 대응전략 -중국 해군의 반접근/지역거부(A2/AD)전략 수행능력을 중심으로- (China's Naval Strengthening and US Navy's Counter-Forces)

  • 김덕기
    • Strategy21
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    • 통권42호
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    • pp.196-223
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    • 2017
  • The aim of this paper is to analyze China's naval strengthening and threat reflected in submarines, aircraft, destroyers and missile capabilities and US Navy's counter-forces. China is strengthening its naval forces in accordance with its three-step naval force build-up plan, and the introduction of Russian destroyers and submarines is a foothold for China's naval enforcement. The Chinese Navy also converted the concept of the First-Second Island Chain Defense, which it had already maintained, to the concept of maritime layer defense. Currently, the Chinese Navy maintains the concept of a Three-Maritime Layer Defense which includes the South China Sea, where artificial islands are being built by China, in the First Layer Defense and the East China Sea in the Third Layer Defense. Along with the advancement of Chinese Navy's submarines, surface vessels and aircraft's operational capabilities, ballistic and cruise missile capabilities become a major threat to the US Navy. If a crisis occurs in the East China Sea or in the Taiwan Waters, the US Navy will face more difficulties in employing the Carrier Strike Group to manage the crisis. Meanwhile, if a crisis occurs on the Korean Peninsula, it will be a burden to dispatch Carrier Strike GroupS to the East and West Seas of the Korean Peninsula. For the stable future, the US Navy should develop a strategy to respond more effectively to the Chinese Navy, which is challenging new maritime supremacy in East Asia.

울산항 M-10 정박지의 정박안전성 연구 (A Study on the Safety of Anchoring for Ulsan M-10 Anchorage)

  • 김세원
    • 수산해양교육연구
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    • 제21권2호
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    • pp.291-305
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    • 2009
  • As you known well, Ulsan port is very famous for handling chemical products which occupies about 80% of quantities of all Korean ports. Many ship's operators prefer to handle liquid cargo es at proper anchorages instead of the berth for saving port expenses. Ulsan M-10 anchorage was assigned for handling liquid cargoes, however this anchorage's space is restricted by the oil pipeline which lays under seabed about 400m off from the center of M-10 anchorage, for which we have to consider of the external force and counter force for keeping the safety of anchoring. Where, external force is induced by wind, tidal currents and wave while counter force is induced by holding power of anchor/chain. In this study, author evaluated a method to analyze theoretically the limit of external force condition up to which an anchoring ship can keep her position without dragging, and for which applied to many kinds of combined Ships as mother ship of 50,000 DWT Tanker and 4 sizes of Tanker as alongsided ship.