• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.1199-1208
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• 1994

In the country, supervision cost is being estimated by percentages of construction cost or cost plus a fixed fee without a reasonable standard. This type has no function for adjusting supervision cost according to variables, such as construction work complexity, extent of supervisory services, fluctuations in prices. In this study, an objective criterion to estimate supervision cost with improved supervisory services has been developed, in which adjusting functions as stated above should be properly considered. A comparative study of supervisory service systems in foreign countries and a survey through questionnaire were carried out for the study. An objective criterion from the results is proposed in the form of an expression or table.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.203-208
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• 2016

Bioinformatics service is very new and emerging in market that provides information such as whether or not occurrence of a particular disease through the base of DNA(Deoxyribonucleic Acid) & RNA(Ribo Nucleic Acid) sequence analysis. Recently, interest growing rapidly in utilization of the industrial purpose, but provision of commercialization like pricing and service packaging is not enough to go to market. For go-to-market, firstly refine the services and perform cost calculation of services in cost-plus method then estimate consumer utility by conducting conjoint analysis. Collectively, with cost and consumer utility result, optimal service price can be calculated.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.9-16
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• 2019

This study aimed at developing control algorithms for operating a variable refrigerant flow (VRF) heating and cooling system with optimal system parameter set-points. Two artificial neural network (ANN) models, which were respectively designed to predict the heating energy cost and cooling energy amount for upcoming next control cycle, was developed and embedded into the control algorithms. Performance of the algorithms were tested using the computer simulation programs - EnergyPlus, BCVTB, MATLAB in an incorporative manner. The results revealed that the proposed control algorithms remarkably saved the heating energy cost by as much as 7.93% and cooling energy consumption by as much as 28.44%, compared to a conventional control strategy. These findings support that the ANN-based predictive control algorithms showed potential for cost- and energy-effectiveness of VRF heating and cooling systems.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.322-328
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• 2007

Highly standardized products are suitable for automated purchasing using electronic commerce technology, where the price becomes the most important factor. Suppliers can change the prices dynamically based on the inventory level and market situation in order to maximize the sales and profit. In the virtual marketplace where multiple customers purchase multiple standardized products from multiple suppliers repetitively, customers can purchase the required amount of each item as a dynamic bidding by allocating purchase orders to the suppliers based on the current price. Customers need a method to quickly determine the optimal allocation of orders to the suppliers using the dynamically changing data to minimize the total cost. We present a LP model which minimizes the sum of the total price plus transportation cost for this problem. Simulation results using random data show meaningful reduction of the total cost.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.1366-1370
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• 2005

As the development of microprocessor technology, electric power steering (EPS) system which uses an electric motor came to use a few years ago. It can solve the problems associated with hydraulic power steering. The motor only operates when steering assistance is needed, so it can save fuel and can reduce weight and cost by eliminating hydraulic pump and piping. As one of performance criteria of EPS systems, the transmissibility from road wheel load to steering wheel torque is considered in the paper. The transmissibility can be studied by fixing the steering wheel and calculating the torque needed to hold the steering wheel from road wheel load. A proportion-plus-derivative control is needed for EPS systems to generate desired static torque boost and avoid transmissibility of fluctuation. A pure proportion control can't satisfy both requirements.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.43-68
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• 2007

The administration of a regional public hospitals are expending from profit preference to publicity preference. The weight rate for a profitability and publicity of performance assessment has changed from 84:16 which was resulted by the assessment executed firstly in 1989 to 39:61 as resulted in 2004, the final assessment execution in 2005. Regional public hospitals are exerting and promoting a magnification in public sector to raise up the public-score. With comparison between publicity scores and profitability scores in original scores basis excluding weight rate, the publicity scores ranked higher than profitability scores although the latter was higher by 2002. However, for the administration performance of the regional public hospitals, the deficits increased 11 times from \92.6billion deficits with \460.3billion cost increased by 457% although income as \367.7billion increased by 394% comparing the last 2004 year to the first 1989 year for profit & loss statement of a regional public hospitals. There was analysis for the relation in yearly basis partitioning publicity and profitability for the assessment scores of the to regional public hospitals confirm the accumulated deficits of the hospitals like this attribute to the extension of public sector. The result showed that there was distinct plus relationship from 1999 although a minus relationship in general until 1997 except 1992 and there is a more plus relationship as approaching 2004. That is, it is hard to tell that the accumulated deficits increase of regional government medical center attributed to extension of public sector. On the contrary, the analysis showed the extension of public sector has a mutual relationship with uplift of profitability Meanwhile, it showed that operation cost rate and labor cost are the factors which influence a revenue & expenditure rate among the profitability index according to the results of relation analysis for the representative index of profitability and that of publicity.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.44-54
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• 2018

In the construction project, the design field has a crucial effect on the success or failure of the final product, and it is becoming more important as a core area of national industrial development because it creates high value added by technology. In addition, since the design work is carried out based on professional technical personnel, in order to secure the quality and competitiveness of the design, it is necessary to continuously input the excellent manpower and develop the technology, and above all, the appropriate design cost must be ensured. However, as a result of reviewing the current status of the design cost criterion in Korea, problems such as mixed cost calculation method, inaccuracy of construction cost ratio method, and inactivation of cost plus fixed fee method were analyzed. Therefore, it is difficult to calculate the fair value reflecting the characteristics of the project when calculating the construction design price. Therefore, the price criterion should be improved so that the fair value of the design can be determined according to the contents of the project, By analyzing the correlation and multiple regression analysis of the projects and price information of the completed road construction design, the factors influencing the design price and the level of influence were analyzed.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.917-932
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aims to identify the most important quality construct among system quality, information quality, and service quality, which are integrated as the second-order construct; perceived quality, and to investigate the relationship between perceived quality, learner satisfaction, learner enjoyment, switching cost, and learner loyalty. Method: Data were collected from learners who had taken e-learning course, and the analysis was conducted in two phases. The first phase described demographic characteristics using SPSS23.0; the second phase involved the second order CFA of perceived quality and the analysis of measurement model and structural model through AMOS 23.0. Results: (1) The explanatory power of system quality, information quality, and service quality appears to be almost equal; (2) Perceived quality positively influences only both learner satisfaction and switching cost; (3) Only learner satisfaction positively influences learner loyalty and switching cost negatively influences learner loyalty. Conclusion: Learner enjoyment does not play an important role in this study, which could be extrapolated in regard to the characteristics of sample. The respondents are over high school students, who emphasize on the acquisition of knowledge rather than enjoyment. Additionally, the result implies that respondents show low loyalty in the high switching cost.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.81-87
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• 2018

Among various types of geothermal heat pump systems, Vertical Closed-Loop Geothermal Heat Pump (VGSHP) has received increasing attention due to a variety of advantages such as the potential to be installed in a relatively small space and improved energy efficiency. In this research, the performance of VGSHP system coupled with heat storage tank was evaluated, by analyzing operational behavior of heat storage tank, the variations of heat pump energy performance due to the connection with heat storage tank, part load ratios characteristics of heat pump and the corresponding energy cost, compared to chiller and boiler based conventional system. The results of this study showed that the VGSHP system coupled with heat storage tank showed an energy saving effect of about 18% for cooling and about 73% for heating, and annual heating/cooling energy cost reduction of 43,000,000 KRW ($ 39,000), compared to the conventional air conditioning system. In addition, after considering both energy cost and initial investment cost including equipment, installation and auxiliary device expenses, payback period of approximately 11.8 years was required.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 2005

Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains a prevalent and potentially life threatening illness. American Thoracic Society and Infectious Disease Society America recommend combination therapies with ${\beta}-lactam$ plus a macrolide or a fluoroquinolone monotherapy for the empirical treatment of CAP. The aim of this study was to compare moxifloxacin monotherapy with cephalosporin plus azithromycin combination therapies. From January 2004 to March 2005, 18 patients in the moxifloxacin group(MG) and 21 patients in the cefuroxime or ceftriaxone plus azithromycin group(CAG) with CAP were retrospectively reviewed with regard to clinical, laboratory and microbiological data. Each patient was stratified into mild (risk class I-II), moderate (risk class III) and severe (risk class VI, V) group according to and PSI (Pneumonia Severity Index) score. Each group was compared for microbiological eradication, clinical assessment, the length of hospital stay. As results, Total 39 patients with CAP were reviewed. The appropriateness of admission was 83.3% in MC vs. 76.2% in CAC. The mean length of the hospital day was for 8.31 days vs. 7.39 days, days switching parenteral to oral antibiotics in 5.19 days vs. 5.28 days, clinical improvement in 2.43 days vs. 2.61 days in MG vs. CAC. Radiological improvement required 3.75 days vs 3.63 days in MG vs. CAG and bacteriological eradication rate at discharge was the same in the both groups. Mortality rate was 11.1% (2 of 18) vs 14.3% (3 of 21) in MG vs. CAG (p=0.77). Drug cost of the mean 5 hospital days requiring parenteral antibiotics was the most inexpensive in moxifloxacin group for the 147,045 won, and ceftriaxone 1g-azithromycin group for the 170,285 won, cefuroxime bid-azithromycin group for the 207,800 won, ceftriaxone 2g-azithromycin group far the 220,570 won, cefuroxime tid-azithromycin group for the 251,700 won. There was no significant statistical difference in clinical, bacterial, radiological cure and hospital days, and switch to oral days. In conclusion, that i.v. moxifloxacin monotherapy was as effective as azithromycin plus cefuroxime or ceftriaxone combination therapies fur the treatment of CAP. In drug cost analysis, moxifloxacin is less expensive than CAG.