• 한국병원경영학회지
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.20-46
• /
• 2007

Given the pressures to promote the efficient utilization of medical resources, hospitals have developed cost accounting systems in several countries. This study discusses the recent development and problems of hospital cost accounting practices in three countries: UK, US, and Japan. first, we discuss a cost accounting structure and detailed pictures of costing practices. Second, problems of current systems arc reviewed and then possible remedies are discussed. Third, we provide implications for implementing the systems(especially ABC). finally, we assert that infrastructure(hospital information systems, database, etc.) must be established and the target level of costing has to be considered before organization-wide application.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.452-460
• /
• 2019

Background: Monitoring and control of PM_2.5 are being recognized as key to address health issues attributed to PM_2.5. Availability of low-cost PM_2.5 sensors made it possible to introduce a number of portable PM_2.5 monitors based on light scattering to the consumer market at an affordable price. Accuracy of light scatteringe-based PM_2.5 monitors significantly depends on the method of calibration. Static calibration curve is used as the most popular calibration method for low-cost PM_2.5 sensors particularly because of ease of application. Drawback in this approach is, however, the lack of accuracy. Methods: This study discussed the calibration of a low-cost PM_2.5-monitoring device (PMD) to improve the accuracy and reliability for practical use. The proposed method is based on construction of the PM_2.5 sensor network using Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol and web query of reference measurement data available at government-authorized PM monitoring station (GAMS) in the republic of Korea. Four machine learning (ML) algorithms such as support vector machine, k-nearest neighbors, random forest, and extreme gradient boosting were used as regression models to calibrate the PMD measurements of PM_2.5. Performance of each ML algorithm was evaluated using stratified K-fold cross-validation, and a linear regression model was used as a reference. Results: Based on the performance of ML algorithms used, regression of the output of the PMD to PM_2.5 concentrations data available from the GAMS through web query was effective. The extreme gradient boosting algorithm showed the best performance with a mean coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.78 and standard error of 5.0 ㎍/㎥, corresponding to 8% increase in R² and 12% decrease in root mean square error in comparison with the linear regression model. Minimum 100 hours of calibration period was found required to calibrate the PMD to its full capacity. Calibration method proposed poses a limitation on the location of the PMD being in the vicinity of the GAMS. As the number of the PMD participating in the sensor network increases, however, calibrated PMDs can be used as reference devices to nearby PMDs that require calibration, forming a calibration chain through MQTT protocol. Conclusions: Calibration of a low-cost PMD, which is based on construction of PM_2.5 sensor network using MQTT protocol and web query of reference measurement data available at a GAMS, significantly improves the accuracy and reliability of a PMD, thereby making practical use of the low-cost PMD possible.

• Spatial Information Research
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.171-182
• /
• 2000

분류기법에 의해 원격탐사 영상으로부터 취득된 면속성 수치 지도는 GIS 의사결정자료로 사용되기 이전에 그 정확성에 관한 신뢰도 검증과정을 거쳐야 한다. 분류 정확도를 평가하기 위해서는 오분류행렬(confusion matrix)을 사용하여 전체 정확도, 사용자 정확도, 제작자 정확도 등을 얻게 되는데, 이때 오분류행렬을 구성하기 위해서는 기준자료(reference data)에 대한 표본추출이 이루어져야한다. 기준자료의 표본을 추출하는 기법간의 비교 및 표본 크기를 줄이고자 하는 연구는 많이 이루어져 왔으나, 추출된 표본들간의 거리를 줄임으로서 정확도 평가 비용을 감소시키고자 하는 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 프랙탈 분석을 통하여 기준자료의 표본을 추출하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 기존의 표본추출의 기법과 정확도 차이 및 비용효과 측면을 비교 분석하였다. 연구 결과 , 프랙탈 분석을 통하여 표본을 추출하는 기법은 그 정확도 추정에 있어 기존의 표본추출 기법과 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 추출된 화소들이 가까운 저리에 군집에 있어 비용효과측면에서 유리함을 확인하였다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국정밀공학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.981-984
• /
• 2004

This paper is about the development of Automatic FPC punching instrument. FPC(flexible printed circuit) is used to detect the contact position of K/B and button like a cellular phone. Depending on the quality of the printed ink and position of reference punching point to the FPC, the resistance and current are varied to the malfunctioning values. The size of reference punching point is 2mm and the above. Because the punching operation is done manually, the accuracy of the punching degree is varied with operator's condition. Recently, The punching accuracy has deteriorated severely to the 2mm punching reference hall so that assembly of the K/B has hardly done. To improve this manual punching operation to the FPC, automatic FPC punching system is introduced. Precise mechanical parts like a 5-step stepping motor and ball screw mechanism are designed and tested and low cost PC camera is used for the sake of cost down instead of using high quality vision systems for the FA. Test algorithm shows good results to the designed automatic punching system.

• 로봇학회논문지
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.92-103
• /
• 2013

Humanoid robot is the most intimate robot platform suitable for human interaction and services. Biped walking is its basic locomotion method, which is performed with combination of joint actuator's rotations in the lower extremity. The present work employs humanoid robot simulator and numerical optimization method to generate optimal joint trajectories for biped walking. The simulator is developed with Matlab based on the robot structure constructed with the Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) convention. Particle swarm optimization method minimizes the cost function for biped walking associated with performance index such as altitude trajectory of clearance foot and stability index concerning zero moment point (ZMP) trajectory. In this paper, instead of checking whether ZMP's position is inside the stable region or not, reference ZMP trajectory is approximately configured with feature points by which piece-wise linear trajectory can be drawn, and difference of reference ZMP and actual one at each sampling time is added to the cost function. The optimized joint trajectories realize three phases of stable gait including initial, periodic, and final steps. For validation of the proposed approach, a small-sized humanoid robot named DARwIn-OP is commanded to walk with the optimized joint trajectories, and the walking result is successful.

• 한국기계기술학회지
• /
• 제20권6호
• /
• pp.809-817
• /
• 2018

The model predictive controller performance of the mobile robot is set to an arbitrary value because it is difficult to select an accurate value with respect to the controller parameter. The general model predictive control uses a quadratic cost function to minimize the difference between the reference tracking error and the predicted trajectory error of the actual robot. In this study, we construct a predictive controller by transforming it into a quadratic programming problem considering velocity and acceleration constraints. The control parameters of the predictive controller, which determines the control performance of the mobile robot, are used a simple weighting matrix Q, R without the reference model matrix $A_r$ by applying a quadratic cost function from which the reference tracking error vector is removed. Therefore, we designed the predictive controller 1 and 2 of the mobile robot considering the constraints, and optimized the controller parameters of the predictive controller using a genetic algorithm with excellent optimization capability.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 제어로봇시스템학회 1994년도 Proceedings of the Korea Automatic Control Conference, 9th (KACC) ; Taejeon, Korea; 17-20 Oct. 1994
• /
• pp.346-349
• /
• 1994

This paper is concerned with a motion control of a manipulator under parametric uncertainties and external disturbances. The parametric uncertainties are regarded as internally generated disturbances in the manipulator. Based on this idea, we formulate a model reference control problem with desired disturbance attenuation. The solution of this control problem not only reduces the worst-case effect on tracking error due to internal and external disturbances (combined disturbances) as much as possible, but also achieve optimal tracking when perturbations are absent. In order to solve the control problem which is formulated in this paper we reduce it to a constrained minmax cost control problem. A differential game theory is used to treat this constrained minmax cost control problem. The differential game theory leads to a sufficient condition for the global solvability of the model reference control problem with desired disturbance attenuation.

• 전자공학회논문지C
• /
• 제34C권5호
• /
• pp.19-32
• /
• 1997

So far, the multiple path MINs to provide redundant paths in the traditional UPP MINs have been realized by adding additional hardware such as extra stages, duplicated data links, or multiple copies of sthe MIN. And the traditional MINs do not exploit locality: communication with all processor-memory paris takes the same amount of time. Also so far there has been little progress for exploiting locality of reference in MINs. In this paper, we present a new topology MIN, hybrid MIN that is constructed with 2N-3 SEs which is far fewer SEs than that of traditional MINs. Although the hybrid MIN is constructed with 2N-3 SEs, the hybrid MIN satisfies full access capability (FAC) and has redundant paths(but providing single path for 2 memory modules of each processor). Moreover the has redundant paths (but providing single path for 2 memory modules of each processor). Moreover the Hybrid MIN provides shortcut path between pairs which have frequent dat acommunication (locality of reference). Its performance under varing degrees of localized communication is analyzed.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.58-65
• /
• 2003

In this paper, a new model, which is a Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model, for mobile robot is presented. A controller, consisting of two loops the one of which is the inner state feedback loop designed for stability and the outer loop is a PI controller designed for tracking the reference input, is suggested. Because the robot dynamics is nonlinear, it requires the controller to be insensitive to the nonlinear term. To achieve this objective, the model is developed by well known T-S fuzzy model. The design algorithm of inner state-feedback loop is regional pole-placement. In this paper, regions, for which poles of the inner state feedback loop are lie in, are formulated by LMI's. By solving these LMI's, we can obtain the state feedback gains for T-S fuzzy system. And this paper shows that the PI controller is equivalent to the state feedback and the cost function for reference tracking is equivalent to the LQ(linear quadratic) cost. By using these properties, it is also shown in this paper that the PI controller can be obtained by solving the LQ problem.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.8-18
• /
• 2016

In this paper, we propose a number of blind equalization approaches for time-varying andmulti-path channels. The approaches employ cost reference particle filter (CRPF) as the symbol estimator, and additionally employ either least mean squares algorithm, recursive least squares algorithm, or $H{\infty}$ filter (HF) as a channel estimator such that they are jointly employed for the strategy of "Rao-Blackwellization," or equally called "mixture filtering." The novel feature of the proposed approaches is that the blind equalization is performed based on direct channel estimation with unknown noise statistics of the received signals and channel state system while the channel is not directly estimated in the conventional method, and the noise information if known in similar Kalman mixture filtering approach. Simulation results show that the proposed approaches estimate the transmitted symbols and time-varying channel very effectively, and outperform the previously proposed approach which requires the noise information in its application.