• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 1994

To investigate the structure and the conservation strategy of natural forest at Paekryunsa-Hyangcho kpong area in Tokyusan, 21 plots (400$m^2$) set up with random sampling method. Four groups were classified by cluster analysis. High positive correlations was proved between Tripterygium regelii and Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes, Viburnum sargentii and Betula ermanii, Corylus heterophylla var. thunbergii and Stephanandra incisa, Betula costata and Cornus controversa, Acer mono and Tilia amurensis, Tilia amurensis and Kalopanax pictum, Lonicera maackii and Viburum sargentii, and Betula ermanii, Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes and Taxus cuspidata, and Viburnum sargentii, and High negative correlations was proved between Acer pseudo-sieboldianum and Viburnum sargentii, Tripterygium regelii and Stephanandra incisa, Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes, and Stephanandra incisa. Species diversity(H') of investigated area was calculated 0.9402~1.2473. Taxus cuspidata, Betula ermanii and Abies koreana at Hyangchokpong area in Tokyusan should be conserved.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.151-159
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• 1996

To investigate the structure and the conservation strategy of natural forest at Sangwonsa, Pirobong, Horyongbong area in Odaesan, 23 plots(20*20m) were set up with random sampling method. Three groups were classified by cluster analysis; Quercus mongolica-Abies holophylla community, Acer mandshuricum- Abies nephrolepis community, and A. holophylla-Ulmus laciniata community. High positive correlations were proved betwween Tilia amurensis and Acer mono; Sorbus commixta and Euonymus macropterus, Betula ermanii, and Viburnum sargentii; E. macropterus and V. sargentii; B. ermanii and V. sargentii; A. mephrolepis and Syringa velutina var. kamibayashii; S. velutina var. kamibayashii and Salix hulteni; Pinus densiflora and A. holophylla. High negative correlations were proved between Q. mongolica and Juglans mandhuricum; Sasa vorealis and E. macropterus; Acer mono and Philadelphus schenckii; A. holophylla and E. macropterus, B. ermanii, S. velutina var. kamibayashii, and Salix hulteni. Species diversity(H') of investigated area was 1.2973~1.46331.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.160-168
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• 1996

To investigate the structure and the conservation strategy of natural forest at Turobong-Sangwangbong area in Odaesan, 19 plots(10*10m) were set up with random sampling method. Several characteristics - needle injury, rate of fallen needle, stem injury, shoot and twig, apical dominance, tree form- of Abies nephrolepis and Tavus cuspidata were investigated with checklist. Two groups(Taxus cuspidata community and Quercus mongolica-Betula ermanii community) were classified by cluster analysis. High positive correlations were prover between Taxus cuspidata and Tripterygium regelii, Sorbus commixta; Quercus mongolica and Euonymus sieboldianus. High negative correlations were proved between Taxus cuspidata and Abies nephrolepis, Quercus mongolica and Betula ermanii; Abies nephrolepis and Trioterygum regelii. Species diversity(H') of investigated area was 0.9608-1.24990. Mean score of Abies nephrolepis was calculated at 6.1 point and ratio of dead individuals was 10.9%. Mean score of Taxus cuspidata was calculated at 17.3 point. Injury of Taxus cuspieata was classified three types, such as branch dieback, wound cavity on the stem and crooked stem.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.471-480
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the correlations between a forward head posture and the endurance and maximal voluntary contraction of the deep neck flexor, neck pain, and the changed position of the mandible. Methods: The subjects of this study were 50 male and female adults who work at a desk for at least four hours a day. The head-spine angle was photographed with a camera, and the endurance and maximal voluntary contraction of the deep neck flexor and the changed position of the mandible were measured using pressure biofeedback. The Neck Disability Index was used to measure neck pain. To examine the correlations between a forward head posture and the endurance and maximal voluntary contraction of the deep neck flexor as well as the changed position of the mandible, a Spearman's correlation analysis was conducted. The statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results: A forward head posture and the endurance of the deep neck flexor showed a statistically significant positive correlation, and a forward head posture and neck pain showed a statistically significant negative correlation. In addition, the endurance of the deep neck flexor and neck pain showed a statistically significant negative correlation. Conclusion: The results of this study show that a forward head posture and the endurance of the deep neck flexor were correlated; in addition, a forward head posture and neck pain were correlated. Therefore, enhancing the endurance of the deep neck flexor can assist in correcting an imbalanced forward head posture, which can reduce neck pain.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.4
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• pp.590-596
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• 2010

To investigate and to compare the structure of Picea jezoensis forests at Chunwangbong area in the Jirisan National Park, 33 plots(400) were set up by a random sampling method. Dead individuals of Picea jezoensis trees were 15.6%, these were observed mainly in the upper-layer trees. A few seedlings of Picea jezoensis were found in this investigation area. This result indicates that Picea jezoensis might be gradually decreased in the future. Picea jezoensis stands were classified into two major groups by cluster analysis. There were strong positive correlations between Syringa reticulata and Acer pseudosieboldianum, Tripterygium regelii, Quercus serrata; Betula ermani and Lonicera maackii; Euonymus macropterus and Acer ukurunduense; Acer pseudosieboldianum and Tripterygium regelii, and relatively weak negative correlations were showed between Picea jezoensis and Abies koreana; Betula ermani and Acer ukurunduense; Acer pseudosieboldianum and Tripterygium regelii. Species diversity index(H') of investigated groups ranged from 1.0000 to 1.3010.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.152-160
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate zinc and copper metabolism and risk factors of chronic diseases in 20 normal adults women. The daily intake, excretions in urine and feces, and serum levels of zinc and copper were determined by 24-hr food records and chemical analysis. The results were summarized as follows. mean age, body weight and BMI were 22.88 years, 54.65kg and 21.28kg/$m^2$ respectively. Mean daily intakes of energy and protein were 1578.84㎉(79% of RDA) and 52.05g (87% of RDA). The zinc and copper intake, excrestion in urine and feces were 7093.23$\mu\textrm{g}$(59% of RDA/2093.87$\mu\textrm{g}$, 203.50$\mu\textrm{g}$/39.87$\mu\textrm{g}$ and 3416.41$\mu\textrm{g}$/857.62$\mu\textrm{g}$, respectively. The serum levels of fasting glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, zinc and copper were 76.60mg/㎗, 15.66IU/㎗, 160.30mg/㎗, 50.95mg/㎗, 89.80mg/㎗, 89.79mg/㎗, 95.65$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗ and 73.28$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗ respectively. Dietary ratio of Zn to Cu was shown to have significant positive correlations with serum insulin, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol. The urinary ratio of Zn to Cu was shown to have significant positive correlations with triglyceride. The serum copper level was shown to have significant negative correlations with serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. In summary, Zn consumption of adult women in their normal diet does not meet the Zn requirement for Koreans. Also, intakes of Zn and Cu may effect the glucose metabolism and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, to increase the Zn intake and to maintain an appropriate intake ratio of Zn to Cu, nutrition education needs to be implemented.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.619-624
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• 2005

Patency of the radial artery plays an important role in the survival of radial forearm fasciocutaneous free flap and artery conduit of coronary artery bypass graft procedure. Even though Allens' test has been used for evaluating the patency of radial artery, the studies on the correlations between risk factors for atherosclerosis and histopathologic findings of radial arteries are rare, until now. Therefore, the authors investigated the correlations between these two factors, and tried to estimate the feasibility of the radial artery in high-risk groups for artherosclerosis. The risk factors for atherosclerosis and lipid profiles were investigated in 38 patients by history taking, physical examinations and blood analysis. And 38 cases of segments of vessel were harvested during the elevation of the flap. The degrees of vessel medial sclerosis were estimated by R values(by Kobayashi and colleagues) that is the median value between the thickness of the intima and that of the media. The measured mean R value was $0.210{\pm}0.05$. Thirty one cases belonged to Grade I(R<0.25), 7 cases belong to Grade II(0.25

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.241-262
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• 2011

Cast iron pipe has been used as a water distribution technology in North America since the early nineteenth century. The first cast iron pipes were made of grey cast iron which was succeeded by ductile iron as a pipe material in the 1940s. These different iron alloys have significantly different microstructures which give rise to distinct mechanical properties. Insight into the non-destructive structural condition assessment of aging pipes can be advantageous in developing mitigation strategies for pipe failures. This paper examines the relationship between the small-strain and large-strain properties of exhumed cast iron water pipes. Nondestructive and destructive testing programs were performed on eight pipes varying in age from 40 to 130 years. The experimental program included microstructure evaluation and ultrasonic, tensile, and flexural testing. New applications of frequency domain analysis techniques including Fourier and wavelet transforms of ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements are presented. A low correlation between wave propagation and large-strain measurements was observed. However, the wave velocities were consistently different between ductile and grey cast iron pipes (14% to 18% difference); the ductile iron pipes showed the smaller variation in wave velocities. Thus, the variation of elastic properties for ductile iron was not enough to define a linear correlation because all the measurements were practically concentrated in single cluster of points. The cross-sectional areas of the specimens tested varied as a result of minor manufacturing defects and levels of corrosion. These variations affect the large strain testing results; but, surface defects have limited effect on wave velocities and may also contribute to the low correlations observed. Lamb waves are typically not considered in the evaluation of ultrasonic pulse velocity. However, Lamb waves were found to contribute significantly to the frequency content of the ultrasonic signals possibly resulting in the poor correlations observed. Therefore, correlations between wave velocities and large strain properties obtained using specimens manufactured in the laboratory must be used with caution in the condition assessment of aged water pipes especially for grey cast iron pipes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2017

Purpose: The research is a descriptive study to identify the correlations among perceived health status, self-esteem, and personality and to determine the influencing factors of perceived health status in high school students who live in Uganda. Methods: Data were collected using a questionnaire from February to May 2014. The participants were 300 students in three high schools in Uganda. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and stepwise regression analysis using SPSS 21.0. Results: The scale mean scores (4 scale) for perceived health status, self-esteem, extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism, and lie, the last four being the types of personality covered in the study, were $2.27{\pm}0.37$, $2.27{\pm}0.31$, $2.13{\pm}0.33$, $2.55{\pm}0.41$, $2.36{\pm}0.27$, and $2.20{\pm}0.34$, respectively. The variables that showed positive correlations with perceived health status were self-esteem and extraversion and the ones that showed negative correlations with perceived health status were neuroticism, psychoticism, and lie. Self-esteem, extraversion, and neuroticism were proved to be major influencing factors affecting perceived health status. Conclusion: These results may be used as supporting data when developing health education programs to improve the health of Ugandan adolescents.

• Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.301-308
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• 2018

Objectives. The age-based Cole formula has been employed for the estimation of endotracheal tube (ETT) size due to its ease of use, but may not appropriately consider growth rates among children. Child growth is assessed by calculating the body surface area (BSA). The association between the outer diameter of an appropriate uncuffed-endotracheal-tube (ETT-OD) and the BSA values of patients at 24-96 months of age was our primary outcome. Methods. Cole formula, BSA, age, height, weight and ultrasound measurement of subglottic-transverse-diameter were evaluated for correlations with correct uncuffed ETT-OD. The Cole formula, BSA, and ultrasound measurements were analyzed for estimation rates in all patients and age subgroups. The maximum allowed error for the estimation of ETT-OD was ${\leq}0.3mm$. Patients' tracheas were intubated with tubes chosen by Cole formula and correct ETT-OD values were determined using leak test. ETT exchange rates were recorded. Results. One-hundred twenty-seven patients were analyzed for the determination of estimation rates. Thirteen patients aged ${\geq}72months$ were intubated with cuffed ETT-OD of 8.4 mm and were accepted to need uncuffed ETT-OD >8.4 mm in order to be included in estimation rates, but excluded from correlations for size analysis. One-hundred fourteen patients were analyzed for correlations between correct ETT-OD (determined by the leak test) and outcome parameters. Cole formula, ultrasonography, and BSA had similar correct estimation rates. All three parameters had higher underestimation rates as age increased. Conclusion. The Cole formula, BSA, and ultrasonography had similar estimation rates in patients aged ${\geq}24$ to ${\leq}96months$. BSA had a correct estimation rate of 40.2% and may not be reliable in clinical practice to predict uncuffed-ETT-size.