• 응용통계연구
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.231-239
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• 2015

가산자료(counts data)를 적합 하는 경우 보통 포아송 모형이 가장 먼저 고려된다. 과산포 문제가 있을 경우도 유사 포아송(quasi Poisson) 모형이나 음이항(Negative binomial) 모형으로 대부분 설명이 가능하다. 하지만, 가산자료 중에는 포아송분포를 가정한 기대 빈도 이상으로 많은 0이 관측되는 자료가 있고 이를 영과잉(Zero inflated) 가산 자료라고 부른다. 영과잉 가산자료를 설명하기 위해 영과잉 포아송(ZIP) 모형이나 영과잉 음이항(ZINB) 모형을 이용할 수 있다. 더 나아가 영과잉 가산자료가 공간상관관계까지 있을 경우 영과잉 문제뿐만 아니라 유의할 수 있는 공간효과까지 고려해야하고 이를 위해 혼합효과모형(mixed effects model)이 고려 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서 사용된 2004년 기준 부산시 남성동별 갑상선암 발생자수 자료를 이용하여, 일반선형 포아송모형, 영과잉 포아송모형, 공간 영과잉 포아송모형을 적합하여 비교해보았다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.248-254
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• 2019

Background No head to head comparison is available between surgical lip lifting and upper lip filler injections to decide which technique yields the best results in patients. Despite the growing popularity of upper lip augmentation, its effect on societal perceptions of attractiveness, successfulness and overall health in woman is unknown. Methods Blinded casual observers viewed three versions of independent images of 15 unique patient lower faces for a total of 45 images. Observers rated the attractiveness, perceived success, and perceived overall health for each patient image. Facial perception questions were answered on a visual analog scale from 0 to 100, where higher scores corresponded to more positive responses. Results Two hundred and seventeen random observers with an average age of 47 years (standard deviation, 15.9) rated the images. The majority of observers were females (n=183, 84%) of white race (n=174, 80%) and had at least some college education (n=202, 93%). The marginal mean score for perceived attractiveness from the natural condition was 1.5 points (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9-2.18) higher than perceived attractiveness from the simulated upper lip filler injection condition, and 2.6 points higher (95% CI, 1.95-3.24) than the simulated upper lip lift condition. There was a moderate to strong correlation between the scores of the same observer. Conclusions Simulated upper lip augmentation is amenable to social perception analysis. Scores of the same observer for attractiveness, successfulness, and overall health are strongly correlated. Overall, the natural condition had the highest scores in all categories, followed by simulated upper lip filler, and lastly simulated upper lip lift.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.39-55
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 한국노동연구원의 '한국노동패널조사(KLIPS)' 자료를 이용하여 2011년(14차 년도)부터 2020년(23차 년도)까지 총 9개 년도의 신혼가구에 대한 패널자료를 구축하고, 가구의 이질성을 통제한 상관 확률효과 방법론을 적용하여 자가점유여부가 출산에 미치는 영향과 출산이 자가점유여부의 영향을 분석하고, 그 분석 결과를 선행연구에서 시도한 합동(pooled) 축차형 이변량 프로빗(Recursive Bivariate Probit)모형의 추정 결과와 비교하였다. 자가점유의 내생성뿐만 아니라 가구의 이질성을 고려한 모형으로 실증 분석한 결과, 자가점유는 신혼가구의 출산에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 전체 표본을 이용한 경우 자가점유 주택에 거주하는 신혼가구는 주택을 임차하여 거주하는 신혼가구에 비해 출산 확률이 6.2%p 높았으며, 둘째 자녀 출산에 대해서는 5.7%p 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 다만 첫째 자녀 출산에서는 자가점유와 출산변수간의 내생성이 확인되지 않아 확률효과 프로빗 모형으로 분석하였는데 이 경우 자가점유 가구가 임차가구에 비해 출산 확률이 오히려 7.5%p 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 자가점유가 출산회수에 따라 출산에 대한 영향력이 차별적으로 나타남을 시사한다. 첫 출산에서는 주택구입으로 인한 부담 등의 부정적 영향이 긍정적 영향보다 높았으며, 다자녀 출산에서는 자가점유가 제공하는 주거안정 등의 긍정적 효과가 부정적 효과보다 크게 나타난 것으로 보인다. 그리고 출산이 자가점유에 미치는 영향을 살펴보면, 출산을 최근 1년 이내에 한 가구가 그렇지 않은 가구에 비해 자가점유 확률이 출산을 최근 1년 이내에 한 가구가 그렇지 않은 가구에 비해 자가점유 확률이 전체표본에서는 4.2%p, 둘째 자녀 출산표본에서는 3.9% 가량 낮은 것으로 나타나 다자녀 출산으로 인한 양육비용 부담은 자가보유를 미루는 데 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권6호
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• pp.1180-1193
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• 2023

Most carcass and meat quality traits are moderate to highly heritable, indicating that they can be improved through selection. Genetic evaluation for these types of traits is performed using performance data obtained from commercial and progeny testing evaluation. The performance data from commercial farms are available in large volume, however, some drawbacks have been observed. The drawback of the commercial data is mainly due to sorting of animals based on live weight prior to slaughter, and this could lead to bias in the genetic evaluation of later measured traits such as carcass traits. The current study has two components to address the drawback of the commercial data. The first component of the study aimed to estimate genetic parameters for carcass and meat quality traits in Korean Hanwoo cattle using a large sample size of industry-based carcass performance records (n = 469,002). The second component of the study aimed to describe the impact of sorting animals into different contemporary groups based on an early measured trait and then examine the effect on the genetic evaluation of subsequently measured traits. To demonstrate our objectives, we used real performance data to estimate genetic parameters and simulated data was used to assess the bias in genetic evaluation. The results of our first study showed that commercial data obtained from slaughterhouses is a potential source of carcass performance data and useful for genetic evaluation of carcass traits to improve beef cattle performance. However, we observed some harvesting effect which leads to bias in genetic evaluation of carcass traits. This is mainly due to the selection of animal based on their body weight before arrival to slaughterhouse. Overall, the non-random allocation of animals into a contemporary group leads to a biased estimated breeding value in genetic evaluation, the severity of which increases when the evaluation traits are highly correlated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.1514-1524
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• 2011

A total of 4,752 monthly lactation records of Friesian cows during the period from 2000 to 2005 were used to estimate genetic parameters and to determine the effect of udder health on milk production traits. Three milk production traits were studied: 305-day milk yield (305-dMY), 305-day fat yield (305-dFY) and 305-day protein yield (305-dPY). Four udder health traits were studied: somatic cell count (SCC), mastitis (MAST), udder health status (UDHS) with 10 categories and udder quarter infection (UDQI) with 7 categories. Mixed model least square analysis was used to estimate the fixed effects of month and year of calving and parity (P) on different studied traits. Sire and dam within sire were included in the model as random effects. Data were analyzed using Multi-trait Derivative Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood methodology (MTDFREML) to estimate genetic parameters. Unadjusted means of 305-dMY, 305-dFY, 305-dPY and SCC were 3,936, 121, 90 kg and 453,000 cells/ml, respectively. Increasing SCC from 300,000 to 2,000,000 cells/ml increased UDQI from 5.51 to 23.2%. Losses in monthly and lactationally milk yields per cow ranged from 17 to 93 and from 135 to 991 kg, respectively. The corresponding losses in monthly and lactationally milk yields return per cow at the same level of SCC ranged from 29.8 to 163 and from 236 to 1,734 Egyptian pounds, respectively. Heritability estimates of 305-dMY, 305-dFY, 305-dPY, SCC, MAST, UDHS, UDQI were 0.31${\pm}$0.4, 0.33${\pm}$0.03, 0.35${\pm}$0.05, 0.23${\pm}$0.02, 0.14${\pm}$0.02, 0.13${\pm}$0.03, and 0.09${\pm}$0.01, respectively. All milk production traits showed slightly unfavorable negative phenotypic and genetic correlations with SCC, MAST, UDHS and UDQI. There were positive and high genetic correlations between SCC and each of MAST (0.85${\pm}$0.7), UDHS (0.87${\pm}$0.10) and UDQI (0.77${\pm}$0.06) and between MAST and each of UDHS (0.91${\pm}$0.11) and UDQI (0.83${\pm}$0.07). It could be concluded that the economic losses from mastitis and high SCC are considerable. The high genetic correlation between SCC and clinical mastitis (CM) suggest that the selection for lower SCC would help to reduce or eliminate the undesirable correlated responses of clinical mastitis associated with selection for increasing milk yield. Additionally, it is recommended also that if direct information on under health traits is not available, measures of SCC can be inclusion in a selection criteria to improve the income from dairy cows.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2000

The purpose of this study were to assess the effect on health promotion behavior of health instruction in elementary school and to provide a basis of school health education. Subjects of this study were random sampled 80 students for control group in elementary 6th grade students. the treatment group systematically studied five sphere instruction: individual hygiene, disease prevention, first-aid & safety, oral health, health & nutrition in two hours a week, from April 20, till July 10. Each group was pre-tested and post-tested by health behavior promotion questionnaire. The conclusions as follows; 1. Compare analysis of control group and treatment group in the pre-test according to health condition of children were no significant difference physical health condition, health anxiety, disease-absent(P>.05). 2. Health promotion behaviors in the post-test according to concern quotient significantly correlated with individual hygiene(r=.249, P<.05), disease prevention(r=.477, P<.01), oral health(r=.228, P<.05), health & nutrition(r=.323, P<.01) in the treatment group, on the contrary the disease prevention, first-aid & safety, oral health, health & nutrition(P>.05). 3. The difference of health promotion behavior within & between group were as follow; 1) The difference of individual health hygiene with in the treatment group was significant in pre-post test, the comparison of the two groups was significant difference in post-test(treatment group: $3.965{\pm}.568$, control group: $3.645{\pm}.573$). 2) The difference of disease prevention with in the treatment group was significant in pre-post test, the comparison of the two groups was significant difference in post-test(t group : $3.475{\pm}.619$, c group: $3.964{\pm}.600$). 3) The difference of first-aid & safety with in the treatment group was significant in pre-post test, the comparison of the two groups was significant difference in post-test(t group : $3.700{\pm}.466$, c group: $4.140{\pm}.545$). 4) The difference of oral health with in the treatment group was significant in pre-post test, the comparison of the two groups was significant difference in post-test(t group: $3.163{\pm}.665$, c group: $3.753{\pm}.544$). 5) The difference of health & nutrition with in the treatment group was significant in pre-post test, the comparison of the two groups was significant difference in post-test(t group : $3.255{\pm}.515$, c group: $3.698{\pm}.558$).

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제96권6호
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• pp.730-736
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• 2007

생육환경의 이질성은 수목의 개체군 구조와 동태, 군락의 구성 및 종다양성 유지에 중요한 역할을 한다. 이 연구는 미세지형이 활엽수-잣나무 혼효림에서의 산겨릅나무 개체군의 공간분포에 미치는 영향과 공간분포 양상을 검토하기 위하여 9 ha의 영구 표본구에 있는 유묘, 치수, 살아있는 성숙목과 고사목에 대하여 공간분포 특성을 분석하였다. 그 결과 사면경사에 있어서 산겨릅나무는 비교적 완만한 경사를 선호하였다. 사면 방향별 유묘의 밀도는 차이가 없었고, 치수, 살아 있는 성숙목, 고사목의 밀도는 서향, 동남향에서 높게 나타났다. 살아있는 성숙목의 경우, 150 m 이내의 모든 척도에서 집락분포를 하고 있으며, 척도 30 m에서 최고값을 보였고, 고사목은 111 m 이내에서는 집락분포를 하고. 척도 72 m에서 최고값을 보이고 있으며, 111 m보다 큰 척도에서는 무작위분포를 하고 있었다(P < 0.01). 산겨릅나무의 생육단계별 발생 유사성에 있어서 유묘는 치수와 고도의 정의 상관관계, 치수는 살아 있는 성숙목과 고도의 정의 상관관계, 살아 있는 성숙목은 죽은 성숙목과 고도의 정의 상관관계가 있어 (P < 0.01), 생활사 하위 단계의 발생은 상위단계와 고도의 정의 상관관계가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.227-235
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• 2022

Background: Abandoned metal mines are classified as vulnerable areas with the highest level of soil contamination among risk regions. People living near abandoned metal mines are at increased risk of exposure to toxic metals. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between soil contamination levels in areas around abandoned metal mine and the blood lead levels of local residents. Moreover, we assess the possibility of using soil contamination levels as a predictive indicator for human exposure level. Methods: Data from the Survey of Residents around Abandoned Metal Mines (2013~2017, n=4,421) and Investigation of Soil Pollution in Abandoned Metal Mines (2000~2011) were used. A random coefficient model was conducted for estimation of the lower level (micro data) of the local resident unit and the upper level (macro data) of the abandoned metal mine unit. Through a fitted model, the variation of blood lead levels among abandoned metal mines was confirmed and the effect of the operationally defined soil contamination level was estimated. Results: Among the total variation in blood lead levels, the variation between abandoned mines was 18.6%, and the variation determined by the upper-level factors such as soil contamination and water contamination was 8.1%, which was statistically significant respectively. There was also a statistically significant difference in the least square mean of blood lead concentration according to the level of soil contamination (p=0.047, low: 2.32 ㎍/dL, middle: 2.38 ㎍/dL, high: 2.59 ㎍/dL). Conclusions: The blood lead concentration of residents living near abandoned metal mines was significantly correlated with the level of soil contamination. Therefore, in biomonitoring for vulnerable areas, operationally defined soil contamination can be used as a predictor for human exposure level to hazardous substances and discrimination of high-risk abandoned metal mines.

• 감성과학
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.313-324
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• 2008

이동 전화기의 사용이 급증하면서 이동 전화기와 연계된 부가서비스의 소비도 새로운 연구 분야로 부각되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이동전화의 통화 연결음(ring-back-tone, 이하 RBT)이 통화 상대자의 퍼스널리티를 평가하는 데 어떤 영향을 미치는 지에 대하여 살펴보았다. 특히, 본 연구의 선행연구를 통한 발견점을 바탕으로 통화 상대자를 충분히 알고 있는 경우와 모르는 경우로 구분하여, 각각에 있어 통화 상대자의 개방성, 외향성, 신경성의 3요인에 대하여 RBT에 따른 평가수치의 변화를 관찰하였다. 개방성, 외향성, 신경성의 3요인에 대한 평가를 위해 각 요인 별 네 개의 평가항목들을 선택하여 총 열두 개의 형용사로 구성된 평가 도구를 실험에 활용하였다. 본 연구의 선행연구에서는 RBT 선정을 위하여 예비 실험을 진행하였으며, 예비 실험에서는 실험에 참여한 피실험자들에게 통화 연결음으로 사용한 17곡의 음악을 무작위한 순서로 들려주고, 각 음악에 대한 개방성, 외향성, 신경성에 대한 특성을 평가하게 하였다(N=15). 이 중 퍼스널리티의 특성이 비교적 크게 구분되는 3곡을 선택하여 실험 I과 실험 II에서 통화 연결음으로 사용하였다. 실험 I에서는 피실험자들을 4개의 피실험자 그룹으로 구분하여 초면인 통화 상대자에게 전화를 걸어 인터뷰를 진행하였으며(N=60), 피실험자 그룹에 따라 다른 통화 연결음을 들려주었다. 실험 결과, 통화 연결음에 따라 통화 상대자의 퍼스널리티 평가가 영향을 받는다는 것을 확인할 수 있었고(p<0.001), 구체적으로는 개방성(r=0.722, p<0.001)과 외향성(r=0.753, p<0.001) 의 평가 결과에서 RBT와 통화 상대자의 퍼스널리티 간에 높은 양의 상관관계가 있음을 밝혀낼 수 있었다. 반면, 실험 II에서는 피실험자가 통화 상대자를 이미 알고 있는 경우에 한하여 실험 I과 동일한 실험을 진행하였는데(N=40), 피실험자가 이미 알고 있는 통화 상대방에 대한 정보로 인하여 통화 연결음의 효과가 감소 될 것이라고 가정하였으며, 이를 실험 결과에서 입증할 수 있었다.