• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.294-298
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• 2009

Purpose: The pharyngeal flap is one of the popular surgical method to treat the problem of velopharyngeal dysfunction. This study evaluated speech outcomes of patients who underwent superiorly based pharyngeal flap surgery based on timing of surgery. Methods: A restrospective review of 50 patients who underwent pharyngeal flap surgery for velopharyngeal insufficiency between September 1996 and January 2008 was undertaken. Thirty patients with an available preoprative and postoperative speech assessments with at least 6 months of follow-up were included in this study. We checked out the significance of speech improvement after surgery analysing preoperative and postoperative scoring of speech assessment. We also investigated the direct relationship between the age at surgery and the degree of speech improvement, and the improvement score in different age groups. Results: The mean score of preoperative speech was $52.6{\pm}7.4points$ and postoperative speech was $58.6{\pm}6.5points$, which presented significant postoperative speech improvement with an average of 5.9 points(p<0.01). There was a significant inverse relationship between the age at operation and speech improvement degree(p<0.01, r = -0.54). Comparing the age groups, the age group of 4 to 5 years presented statistically significant speech improvement(p<0.01). Conclusion: we propose that all patients indicated should take pharyngeal flap irrespective of age. In this study, the younger the age at surgery, the higher degree of speech improvement, for which we suggest that surgical approach should be undertaken as early as possible, especially younger than age 5 years.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.542-550
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• 2020

Background This study aimed to identify the initial diagnostic characteristics and treatment status of children with submucous cleft palate (SMCP) and to examine the relationship between the timing of surgical correction and the degree of articulation and resonance improvement. Methods This retrospective study included 72 children diagnosed with SMCP between 2008 and 2016. The evaluation criteria were the age of the initial visit, total number of visits, age at the end of treatment, speech problems, resonance problems, and speech therapy. Results Children with SMCP first visited the hospital at an average age of 34.32 months, and speech problems were identified at an average age of 48.53 months. Out of 72 children, 46 underwent surgery at an average age of 49.74 months. Four of these children required secondary surgery at an average age of 83.5 months. Among the children who underwent surgery before 3 years of age, 70% exhibited articulation improvements, with mild-to-moderate hypernasality. Articulation improvements showed no statistically significant differences according to age at the time of surgery. However, children who underwent surgery before 4 years had a better hypernasality rating than those who underwent surgery after 4 years of age. Conclusions Children with SMCP tend to undergo delayed treatment because the anatomical symptoms in some children with SMCP are unclear, and surgical interventions are considered only after speech problems are clarified. Starting interventions as early as possible reduces the likelihood of receiving secondary surgery and speech therapy, while increasing expectations for positive speech function at the end.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.6 no.3 s.21
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• pp.99-105
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• 2006

In this paper, the estimation of compressive strength of concrete incorporating fly ash subjected to high temperature is discussed. Ordinary Portland cement and fly ash cement(30% of fly ash) were used, respectively. Water to binder ration ranging from 30% to 60% and curing temperature ranging from $20^{\circ}C{\sim}65^{\circ}C$ were also adopted for the experimental parameters. According to results, at the high temperature, FAC had higher strength development at early age than OPC concrete and it kept its high strength development at later age due to accelerated pozzolanic reaction subjected to high temperature. For strength estimation, Logistic model based on maturity equation and Carino model based on equivalent age were applied to verify the availability of estimation model. It shows that fair agreements between calculated values and measured values were obtained evaluating compressive strength with logistic curve. The application of logistic model at high temperature had remarkable deviations in the same maturity. Whereas, the application of Carino model showed good agreements between calculated values and measured ones regardless of type of cement and W/B. However, some correction factors should be considered to enhance the accuracy of strength estimation of concrete.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.347-355
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• 2007

In this paper, estimation of the compressive strength of the concrete incorporating blast furnace slag subjected to high temperature was discussed. Ordinary Portland cement and blast furnace slag cement (BSC;30% of blast furnace slag) were used, respectively. Water to binder ratio ranging from 30% to 60% and curing temperature ranging from $20^{\circ}C{\sim}65^{\circ}C$ were also chosen for the experimental parameters, respectively. At the high temperature, BSC had higher strength development at early age than OPC concrete and it kept its high strength development at later age due to accelerated latent hydration reaction subjected to high temperature. For the strength estimation, the Logistic model based on maturity equation and the Carino model based on equivalent age were applied to verify the availability of estimation model. It was found that fair agreements between calculated values and measured values were obtained evaluating compressive strength with logistic curve. The application of logistic model at high temperature had remarkable deviations in the same maturity. Whereas, the application of Carino model showed good agreements between calculated values and measured ones regardless of type of cement and W/B. However, some correction factors should be considered to enhance the accuracy of strength estimation of concrete.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.27.3-27.3
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• 2021

Supernova (SN) cosmology is based on the assumption that the width-luminosity relation (WLR) in the type Ia SN luminosity standardization would not vary with progenitor age. Unlike this expectation, recent age datings of stellar populations in host galaxies have shown significant correlations between progenitor age and Hubble residual (HR). It was not clear, however, how this correlation arises from the SN luminosity standardization process, and how this would impact the cosmological result. Here we show that this correlation originates from a strong progenitor age dependence of the WLR and color-luminosity relation (CLR), in the sense that SNe from younger progenitors are fainter each at given light-curve parameters x1 and c. This is reminiscent of Baade's discovery of two Cepheid period-luminosity relations, and, as such, causes a serious systematic bias with redshift in SN cosmology. We illustrate that the differences between the high-z and low-z SNe in the WLR and CLR, and in HR after the standardization, are fully comparable to those between the correspondingly young and old SNe at intermediate redshift, indicating that the observed dimming of SNe with redshift is most likely an artifact of over-correction in the luminosity standardization. When this systematic bias with redshift is properly taken into account, there is no evidence left for an accelerating universe, and the SN data now support a decelerating cosmic expansion. Since the SN cosmology has long been considered as the most direct evidence for an accelerating universe with dark energy, this finding poses a serious question to one of the cornerstones of the concordance model.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.217-224
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• 1998

This study describes examinations made for the purpose of obtaining data for strength control of mass concrete in the cold season. The examination in outline of analysis of temperatures of mass concrete(corresponding to member thickness of 1m) and comparisons with water-cured specimens of various concrete specimens cured in sealed condition. As a result, it was found that mass concrete placed in the cold season, if strength is controlled based on 28-day age, is seen to require a strength correction factor.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.153-158
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the convergence accommodation to convergence (CA/C) ratio and to investigate relationships among age, accommodative amplitude and PD (interpupillary distance) of adults in their early twenties with normal binocular vision. Methods: 44 subjects (mean age, $21.75{\pm}1.16$ years) with healthy eyes were examined. The CA/C ratios were measured by using the difference of Gaussian (DOG) target with retinoscopy. Results: The mean CA/C ratio was $0.052{\pm}0.017$ D/$\Delta$. A moderate negative correction was present between CA/C ratio and age (r = -0.50, p = 0.0005), and a highly positive correction was found between CA/C ratio and accommodative amplitude (r = 0.79, p<0.0001). There was no relation between PD and CA/C ratio. Conclusions: The CA/C ratio presented was mean value for adults in their early twenties with healthy eye between 19 and 25 years of age. There was a high correlation between accommodative amplitude and CA/C ratio. Therefore, the CA/C ratio will be useful basic information for comparison in age, gender and binocular anomalies with similar data from other countries.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.126-130
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• 2004

Purpose: In this study, we tried to develop the technique of osteotomy for hallux valgus. The new modified technique of osteotomy was accomplished with even more greater stability, accurate correction of the deformity and more effective than 'chevron' osteotomy in terms of correction of the deformity. Materials and Methods: Between March 1998 and December 2001, 55 cases of new modified osteotomy for hallux valgus were performed for 39 patients, 16 of whom underwent operation of both feet. Operations were made for 34 women and 5 men whose average age was 46 years old (range, $20{\sim}71$ years). Average follow up period was three years (range, $2{\sim}5$ years), and during the follow up, the patients underwent physical examination and assessment with use of the American Orthpaedic Foot and Ankle Society's hallux-metatarso-phalangealinterphalangeal scale and standard foot radiographic measurements. Results: 37 patients (53 cases) out of 39 patients (55 cases) had no pain, good cosmesis, and all of the patients were satisfied with the results of the operation. Two had occasional mild discomfort. The average score according to the hallux-metatarso-phallangeal-interphalangeal scale was 93.2 points (range, $78{\sim}100$ points). The average preoperative intermetatarsal angle was $14.4^{\circ}$, which was decreased to $7.9^{\circ}$ after the osteotomy with an average correction of $6.5^{\circ}$ and The average preoperative hallux valgus angle was $34.1^{\circ}$, which was decreased to $11.1^{\circ}$ after the osteotomy with an average correction of $23^{\circ}$. This new modified technique would prevent the angulation or shortening at the osteotomy site and it was also even more stable at osteotomy site, and could do even more effective and accurate correction of the deformity than conventional Chevron osteotomy. Conclusion: New modified chevron osteotomy for the treatment of symptomatic hallux valgus was done in 55 cases, and the results were satisfactory in all cases. This method was more stable at the osteotomy site than conventional Chevron osteotomy and was also possible to do more accurate and more effective correction of the deformity. It was also easy to control the distal fragment of first metatarsal bone.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.168-173
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• 2015

Use of forearm and hip joint bone density scan and find the clinical usefulness of the results that can be inferred as a result of any other region sites injured by a correction factor which if One part up. Groups of 60 patients, 10 patients by age 20-70 were composed of patients measured with the forearm and lumbar spine bone mineral density T-score and Z-score of the survey for each of the three factors that it was Find the correction factor to obtain the relationship. Bone mineral density of the correlation coefficient R = 0.8 correction factor is Y = 1.341X + 0.146. T-score of correlation coefficient R = 0.804 and the correction factor Y = 0.565X - 0.327 is Z-score of the correlation coefficient R = 0.637 correction factor Y = 0.539X - 0.225. It is regarded that there will be a clinical availability which can analogize the result of a part by using the result of the other part. It will be able to determine an auxiliary role in the clinical diagnosis. Correction factor to the equation Y = 1.341X + 0.146 is recommended.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.135-138
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation between the correction loss of hallux valgus angle and the severity of valgus angle of the second toe. Materials and Methods: We selected 312 cases from 268 surgical patients with hallux valgus deformity receiving distal chevron osteotomy. For a radiological evaluation, we analyzed the changes in the hallux valgus angles, first to second intermetatarsal angles, and valgus angle of the second toe post index operations. All patients were women; the mean age was 46 years. The mean follow-up period was 17 months. Results: The mean hallux valgus angle was $33.6^{\circ}$ preoperatively (range, $25.7^{\circ}{\sim}44.8^{\circ}$), $13.1^{\circ}$ (range, $8.4^{\circ}{\sim}16.4^{\circ}$) after 4 weeks of postoperative period, and $17.1^{\circ}$ (range, $9.4^{\circ}{\sim}28.5^{\circ}$) at their final follow-up. The mean valgus angle of the second toe was $8.4^{\circ}$ preoperatively (range, $2.0^{\circ}{\sim}25.8^{\circ}$) and $8.3^{\circ}$ (range, $1.7^{\circ}{\sim}24.9^{\circ}$) at the final follow-up. Preoperatively, there was a positive correlation between the valgus angle of the second toe and hallux valgus angle (r=0.747, p=0.001). The correction loss of hallux valgus angle had a significant correlation with the severity of valgus angle of the second toe (r=0.802, p=0.001). Conclusion: The existence of the second toe valgus deformity may present itself as a cause of correction loss of hallux valgus angle. The preoperative measurement of the second toe valgus angle may be a good predictor of correction loss; therefore, thorough preoperative warning on the possibility of correction loss should be conducted to maximize patient satisfaction after the procedure.