• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2023

이 논문은 국립국어원에서 배포한 한국인 대화 음성 말뭉치에서 화자의 성대의 진동을 나타내는 fundamental frequency(f0)값을 측정해서 한국인이 일상 대화를 할 때 f0값의 기초적인 통계자료를 살펴보고, 나이와 f0값의 분포는 어떤 관계를 보이는지를 조사했다. 연구자료 수집과 분석은 Praat과 R을 이용했고, 개인별 억양구마다 상자도를 구하고 사분위값을 활용하여 극단값을 제거하는 방법으로 최종 f0값 자료를 구했다. 그 결과 전체 한국인들의 f0값의 평균값은 185 Hz이고 중앙값은 187 Hz로 나왔다. 자료의 분포모양을 나타내는 왜도는 0.11의 정적분포를 보였고, 첨도는 -0.09로 정상분포에 거의 가까운 모양을 보였다. 일상대화의 피치값의 변화범위로는 238 Hz로 나타났다. 남녀 간의 f0값의 차이는 남성의 중앙값 114 Hz의 거의 두 배에 해당하는 199 Hz가 여성의 중앙값으로 나타났고 t검증결과 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 분포모양을 나타내는 왜도는 남성이 1.24이었고, 여성은 그것의 반에 해당하는 0.58이었다. 첨도는 남녀집단 각각 5.21과 3.88로 나타나 남성의 값이 34% 정도 더 뾰족한 모양을 보였다. 연령대별로는 남녀집단을 합하여 볼 때, 나이가 들수록 f0값이 서서히 내려가는 경향을 보였다. 연령대별 f0중앙값과 나이 간의 회귀분석을 실행한 결과 기울기가 남성집단에서는 0.15, 여성집단에서는 -0.586으로 서로 반대되는 경향을 기록했다. 결론적으로, 대규모 참여자가 녹음한 대화 음성에서 한국인의 집단별 연령별 다양한 f0분포를 규명할 수 있지만, 나이와 f0관계는 더 정밀한 자료수집이 필요함을 알 수 있었다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

This paper investigates the phonological processes of consonants in pronounced words in the Seoul Corpus, and compares the frequency distribution of these processes to provide a clearer understanding of conversational Korean to linguists and teachers. To this end, both orthographic and pronounced words were extracted from the transcribed label scripts of the Seoul Corpus. Next, the phonological processes of consonants in the orthographic and pronounced forms were tabulated separately after syllabifying the onsets and codas, and major consonantal processes were examined. First, the results showed that the majority of the orthographic consonants' sounds were pronounced the same way as their pronounced forms. Second, more than three quarters of the onsets were pronounced as the same forms, while approximately half of the codas were pronounced as variants. Third, the majority of different onset and coda symbols were primarily caused by deletions and insertions. Finally, the five phonological process types accounted for only 12.4% of the total possible procedures. Based on these results, this paper concludes that an analysis of phonological processes in spontaneous speech corpora can improve the practical understanding of spoken Korean. Future studies ought to compare the current phonological process data with those of other languages to establish universal patterns in phonological processes.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.81-102
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• 2014

The purpose of this paper is to provide corpus-based quantitative analyses of HEART and HEAD in order to examine their actual usage status and to consider some cognitive linguistic aspects associated with their use. The two corpora COCA and COHA are used for analysis in this study. The analysis of COCA corpus reveals that the total frequency of HEAD is much higher than that of HEART, and that the figurative use of HEART (60%) is two times higher than its literal use (32%); by contrast, the figurative use of HEAD (41%) is a bit higher than its literal use (38%). Among all four genres, both lexemes occur most frequently in fictions and then in magazines. Over the past two centuries, the use of HEART has been steadily decreasing; by contrast, that the use of HEAD has been steadily increasing. It is assumed that the decreasing use of HEART has partially to do with the decrease in its figurative use and that the increasing use of HEAD is attributable to its diverse meanings, the increase of its lexical use, and the partial increase in its figurative use. The analysis of the collocation of verbs and adjectives preceding HEART and HEAD, as well the modifying and predicating forms of HEART and HEAD also provides some relevant information of the usage of the two lexemes. This paper showcases that the quantitative information helps understanding not only of the actual usage of the two lexemes but also of the cognitive forces working behind it.

• International Journal of Contents
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.70-75
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• 2018

The purpose of this corpus-based study was to find 4-word lexical bundles in computer science research articles. As the demand for research articles (RAs) for international publication increases, the need for acquiring field-specific writing conventions for this academic genre has become a burning issue. Particularly, one area of burgeoning interest in the examination of rhetorical structures and linguistic features of RAs is the use of lexical bundles, the indispensable building blocks that make up an academic discourse. To illustrate, different academic discourses rely on distinctive repertoires of lexical bundles. Because lexical bundles are often acquired as a whole, the recurring multi-word sequences can be retrieved automatically to make written discourse more fluent and natural. Therefore, the proper use of rhetorical devices specific to a particular discipline can be a vital indicator of success within the discourse communities. Hence, to identify linguistic features that make up specific registers, this corpus-based study examines the types and usage frequency of lexical bundles in the discipline of CS, one of the most in-demand fields world over. Given that lexical bundles are empirically-derived formulaic multi-word units, identifying core lexical bundles used in RAs, they may provide insights into the specificity of particular CS text types. This will in turn provide empirical evidence of register specificity and technicality within the academic discourse of computer science. As in the results, pedagogical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

• 아시아태평양코퍼스연구
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2021

The present study employed an analytical framework that is characterised by a synthesis of quantitative and qualitative analyses with a specially designed computer software SpeechActConc to examine speech acts in business communication. The naturally occurring data from the audio recordings and the prosodic transcriptions of the business sub-corpora of the HKCSE (prosodic) are manually annotated with a speech act taxonomy for finding out the frequency of fillers, the co-occurring patterns of fillers with other speech acts, and the linguistic realisations of fillers. The discoursal function of fillers to sustain the discourse or to hold the floor has diverse linguistic realisations, ranging from a sound (e.g. 'uhuh') and a word (e.g. 'well') to sounds (e.g. 'um er') and words, namely phrase ('sort of') and clause (e.g. 'you know'). Some are even combinations of sound(s) and word(s) (e.g. 'and um', 'yes er um', 'sort of erm'). Among the top five frequent linguistic realisations of fillers, 'er' and 'um' are the most common ones found in all the six genres with relatively higher percentages of occurrence. The remaining more frequent realisations consist of clause ('you know'), word ('yeah') and sound ('erm'). These common forms are syntactically simpler than the less frequent realisations found in the genres. The co-occurring patterns of fillers and other speech acts are diverse. The more common co-occurring speech acts with fillers include informing and answering. The findings show that fillers are not only frequently used by speakers in spontaneous conversation but also mostly represented in sounds or non-linguistic realisations.

• 아시아태평양코퍼스연구
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.27-39
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• 2020

This paper examines the frequency and distribution of the so-called "non-discourse marker functions" of so in essay writings produced by 200 L1 English speakers and 1,300 EFL learners in China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. Based on the data drawn from the International Corpus Network of Asian Learners of English, this study compares EFL learners and L1 English speakers' uses of so, identifying four grammatical uses, as (1) an adverb, (2) part of a fixed phrase, (3) a pro-form, and (4) a conjunction phrase specifying purpose. This study aims to show the wide variability among EFL learners with different L1s, identifying the tendency of usage both common among and specific to the sub-groups of EFL learners. The findings suggest that the learners demonstrate patterns distinctively different from those of L1 English speakers, indicating an underuse of so as a marker expressing "purpose" and an overuse as part of fixed phrases. Compared to L1 English speakers, the learners also tend to overuse so in the discourse marker functions, regardless of their L1s. The study proposes pedagogical implications focusing on discourse flow and diachronic aspects of so in order to understand its multifunctionality, although the latter is primarily suggested for advanced learners.