• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권11호
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• pp.1734-1744
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• 2019

Objective: In this study, two glycosidases (XMosidases), ${\beta}$-xylosidase and ${\beta}$-mannosidase, were investigated on their in vitro hydrolysis activities of feed and on the improvement of growth performance in vivo in weanling pigs. Methods: Enzyme activities of XMosidases in vitro were evaluated in test tubes and simulation of gastric and small intestinal digestion, respectively, in the presence of NSPase. In vivo study was performed in 108 weaned piglets in a 28-d treatment. Pigs were allotted to one of three dietary treatments with six replicate pens in each treatment. The three treatment groups were as follows: i) Control (basal diet); ii) CE (basal diets+CE); iii) CE-Xmosidases (basal diets+ CE+${\beta}$-xylosidase at 800 U/kg and ${\beta}$-mannosidase at 40 U/kg). CE was complex enzymes (amylase, protease, xylanase, and mannanase). Results: In vitro XMosidases displayed significant activities on hydrolysis of corn and soybean meal in the presence of non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes (xylanase and ${\beta}$-mannanase). In vitro simulation of gastric and small intestinal digestion by XMosidases showed XMosidases achieved $67.89%{\pm}0.22%$ of dry matter digestibility and $63.12%{\pm}0.21%$ of energy digestibility at $40^{\circ}C$ for 5 hrs. In weanling pigs, additional XMosidases to CE in feed improved average daily gain, feed conversion rate (p<0.05), and apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein (p = 0.01) and dry matter (p = 0.02). XMosidases also altered the gut bacterial diversity and composition by increasing the proportion of beneficial bacteria. Conclusion: Addition of a complex enzyme supplementation (contained xylanase, ${\beta}$-mannanase, protease and amylase), XMosidases (${\beta}$-xylosidase and ${\beta}$-mannosidase) can further improve the growth performance and nutrient digestion of young pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권5호
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• pp.260-271
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different stocker management programs on skeletal muscle development and growth characteristics, satellite cell (SC) activity in growing-finishing beef cattle as well as the effects of SC-conditioned media on preadipocyte gene expression and differentiation. Fall-weaned Angus steers (n = 76; $258{\pm}28kg$) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 stocker production systems: 1) grazing dormant native range (NR) supplemented with a 40% CP cottonseed meal-based supplement ($1.02kg{\cdot}steer^{-1}{\cdot}d^{-1}$) followed by long-season summer grazing (CON, 0.46 kg/d); 2) grazing dormant NR supplemented with a ground corn and soybean meal-based supplement fed at 1% of BW followed by short-season summer grazing (CORN, 0.61 kg/d); 3) grazing winter wheat pasture (WP) at high stocking density (3.21 steers/ha) to achieve a moderate rate of gain (LGWP, 0.83 kg/d); and 4) grazing winter WP at low stocking density (0.99 steers/ha) to achieve a high rate of gain (HGWP, 1.29 kg/d). At the end of the stocker (intermediate harvest, IH) and finishing (final harvest, FH) phases, 4 steers / treatment were harvested and longissimus muscles (LM) sampled for cryohistological immunofluorescence analysis and SC culture assays. At IH, WP steers had greater LM fiber cross-sectional area than NR steers; however, at FH, the opposite was observed (p < 0.0001). At IH, CORN steers had the lowest Myf-5+:Pax7+ SC density (p = 0.020), while LGWP steers had the most Pax7+ SC (p = 0.043). At FH, CON steers had the highest LM capillary density (p = 0.003) and their cultured SC differentiated more readily than all other treatments (p = 0.017). At FH, Pax7 mRNA was more abundant in 14 d-old SC cultures from HGWP cattle (p = 0.03). Preadipocytes exposed to culture media from proliferating SC cultures from WP cattle isolated at FH had more $PPAR{\gamma}$ (p = 0.037) and less FABP4 (p = 0.030) mRNA expression compared with NR cattle. These data suggest that different stocker management strategies can impact skeletal muscle growth, SC function, and potentially impact marbling development in growing-finishing beef cattle.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.277-282
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• 2014

Nutritive value analysis of feed is very important for the growth of livestock, and ensures the efficiency of feeds as well as economic status. However, general laboratory analyses require considerable time and high cost. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is a spectroscopic technique used to analyze the nutritive values of seeds. It is very effective and less costly than the conventional method. The sample used in this study was a corn kernel and the partial least square regression method was used for evaluating nutrient composition, digestibility, and energy value based on the calibration equation. The evaluation methods employed were the coefficient of determination ($R^2$) and the root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP). The results showed the moisture content ($R^2_{val}=0.97$, RMSEP=0.109), crude protein content ($R^2_{val}=0.94$, RMSEP=0.212), neutral detergent fiber content ($R^2_{val}=0.96$, RMSEP=0.763), acid detergent fiber content ($R^2_{val}=0.96$, RMSEP=0.142), gross energy ($R^2_{val}=0.82$, RMSEP=23.249), in vitro dry matter digestibility ($R^2_{val}=0.68$, RMSEP=1.69), and metabolizable energy (approximately $R^2_{val}$ >0.80). This study confirmed that the nutritive components of corn kernels can be predicted using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.300-304
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• 1993

평야지보다 일조량과 적산온도가 다소 적은 고냉지에 적합한 사료작물 윤작체계를 구명하여 토지의 이용성 및 단위생산성을 제고하여 조사료 생산기반을 확대시키고자 호맥+숙기가 다소 틀린 옥수수조생종, 중생종, 만생종으로 9개 품종의 작부체계를 공시하여 2모작 작부체계를 확립고자 해발 800m의 대관령지역에서 시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과같다. 1. 높고 추운 대관령 지역에서도 양호하게 호맥을 재배할 수 있다. 2. 호맥후작으로 도입되는 옥수수는 구태어 조생종이나, 중생종이 아니라도 대관령 지역같은 고랭지에서도 만생종 옥수수재배가 가능하다. 3. 호맥에 이은 옥수수재배의 2모작으로 건물량이나 생초수량으로 약 30%의 증수가 가능하다. 4. 가장 우수한 사료작물로서 열대성 작물인 옥수수는 지형이나 지역적인 환경변이 즉, 고도의 상승에 따라 야기되는 기온의 저온화 현상에 의해 숙기나 발육상태가 단축되거나 늦어지기도 한다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.152-158
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• 1976

전분박을 첨가한 왕겨및 볏짚의 산당화액을 이용하여 효모생육조건을 검토하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 왕겨와 볏짚에 전분박을 첨가하여 당화시킴으로써 당화액의 당농도가 각각 9.12%, 7.98%까지 증가되었다. 2. 산당화액을 중화할 때 사용한 중화제로서는 CaCO$_3$, Ca(OH)$_2$, NH$_4$OH순으로 효모생육이 좋았다. 3. 당화액을 기질로 하여 무기영양요구성을 검토한 결과 (NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$0.3%, $K_2$HPO$_4$0.4%, MgSO$_4$ㆍ7$H_2O$0.02%, NaCl 0.02%, CaCl$_2$0.02%를 가하였을 때 효모의 생육도가 가장 좋았다. 4. 전분박을 첨가한 왕겨와 볏짚의 당화액을 기질로 하여 효모를 배양하였을 때 48시간 이내에 각각 91.2% 90.8%의 당을 소화하였고 당에 대한 수율은 각각 46.5 %, 45.4%이었다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.17-22
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• 1978

돈분과 옥분을 50：50으로 혼합하여 3$0^{\circ}C$에서 발효시킬때 초기에는 fecal streptococci가 많이 출현하나 이후 lactobacilli가 발효의 주역을 담당하고 7일 후에는 L. acidophilus, L. fermenti와 L. delbrueckii가 함께 성장하였다. 탈효과정중 젖산균에 의한 산생성으로 인하여 pH가 4.2까지 감소하였으며, E. coli와 효모가 1~2일만에 검출되지 않았으므로 다른 유해 미생물의 생육 억제도 생각할 수 있게 되었다. 또한 옥분내의 풍부한 영양 성분과 발향물의 분취가 산취로 대체됨으로써 풍미가 가축기호에 적당하게 되고 가축분의 이용시 본 시험에서 사용한 방법을 이용함으로써 생돈분의 가열멸균이 아닌 유산균의 자연발효를 통하여 돈분을 사료화시킬 수 있음을 보여주고 있다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.191-195
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• 2016

국내 옥수수 유전자원 중에서 분얼이 많고 생육이 우수한 계통을 이용하여 생육특성 및 건물수량을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 육성된 계통의 평균 간장은 174.7 cm, 개화소요일수는 61일, 주당분얼수는 2.3개, 착수고는 64.1 cm로 나타났다. 2. 평균 도복율은 2정도로 모든 계통에서 내도복성을 가졌다. 3. 주당 평균 이삭중은 135.9 g으로 CNUB14T-01에서 249.0 g으로 가장 높았다. 4. 공시계통의 주당 평균 생체중과 건물중은 각각 694.4 g과 183.7 g으로 나타났으며, 평균 건조 비율은 30%로 나타났다. 5. 공시계통 중에서 CNUA14T-07의 생체중과 건물중이 2367.8 g과 532.8 g으로 가장 높게 나타났다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.85-89
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• 1969

1. Corn에서 분리(分離)한 강력(强力) amylase생산균주(生産菌株) A-162의 균학적(菌學的) 성질(性質)을 Bergey's manual에 따라 살펴 보면 Bacillus subtilis 에 유사(類似)하였다. 2. 효소생산(酵素生産) 배지(培地)로는 밀기울에 대(對)하여 corn powder 30%, milk casein 5%,$CaCO_3$ 5%를 첨가(添加)했을 때 가장 좋았다. 3. 배지(培地)의 증자조건(蒸煮條件)은 용기(容器)의 크기와 배지량(培地量)에 따라 달라야 했고 지나친 고압(高壓)과 장시간(長時間)의 증자(蒸煮)에 있어서는 균(菌)의 생육(生育)이 조해(阻害)되었다. 4. 생성(生成) amylase의 활성(活性) 최적온도(最適溫度)는 $50^{\circ}C$, 최적(最適) pH는 6.0 부근(附近)이었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.369-378
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• 2012

This study was performed out to investigate the influence of the mixed application of chemical fertilizer (CF) and liquid swine manure (LSM) on the growth characteristics, dry matter yield, amino acids, minerals, and free sugars in cultivating silage corn on paddy soils. The field experiment was designed in a randomized block design of 3 repetitions with CF 100% treatment (C), CF 70% + LSM 30% treatment (T1), CF 50% + LSM 50% treatment (T2), CF 30% + LSM 70% treatment (T3), and LSM 100% treatment (T4). At this time, the application of LSM was based solely on the nitrogen. Ear length, ear circle, stem diameter, and stem hardness of the silage corn did not show significant differences between treatments. Fresh yield, dry matter yield and TDN yield were highest in T3, whereas the lowest in C treatment (p<0.05). Crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash content were significantly higher in T1, C, and T4 treatment, respectively (p<0.05). However, NDF, ADF and crude fiber content did not show significant difference between treatments. The total mineral content decreased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate increased. Total composition amino acid content was higher in the order of T1 > T2 > C > T4 > T3 treatment (p<0.05). Free sugar content was higher in the order of T1 > T3 > T4 > T2 > C treatment (p<0.05). Based on the above results, suggests that the mixed application of chemical fertilizer 30~50% and LSM 50~70% (T2 and T3) is the most effective, considering the yield performance and the content of sugar degree and free sugar affecting silage.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.893-903
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• 2010

A cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzyme complex-producing alkalothermoanaerobacterium strain, Tepidimicrobium xylanilyticum BT14, is described. The cell was Grampositive, rod-shaped, and endospore-forming. Based on 16S rRNA gene analysis and various lines of biochemical and physiological properties, the strain BT14 is a new member of the genus Tepidimicrobium. The strain BT14 cells had the ability to bind to Avicel, xylan, and corn hull. The pH and temperature optima for growth were 9.0 and $60^{\circ}C$, respectively. The strain BT14 was able to use a variety of carbon sources. When the bacterium was grown on corn hulls under an anaerobic condition, a cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzyme complex was produced. Crude enzyme containing cellulase and xylanase of the strain BT14 was active in broad ranges of pH and temperature. The optimum conditions for cellulase and xylanase activities were pH 8.0 and 9.0 at $60^{\circ}C$, respectively. The crude enzyme had the ability to bind to Avicel and xylan. The analysis of native-PAGE and native-zymograms indicated the cellulosebinding protein showing both cellulase and xylanase activities, whereas SDS-PAGE zymograms showed 4 bands of cellulases and 5 bands of xylanases. Evidence of a cohesinlike amino acid sequence seemed to indicate that the protein complex shared a direct relationship with the cellulosome of Clostridium thermocellum. The crude enzyme from the strain BT14 showed effective degradation of plant biomass. When grown on corn hulls at pH 9.0 and $60^{\circ}C$ under anaerobic conditions, the strain BT14 produced ethanol and acetate as the main fermentation products.