• 한국위성정보통신학회논문지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.30-35
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 인지무선 통신의 스펙트럼 센싱을 위해 PU와 CR 사용자의 수신단 사이에 릴레이를 적용하여 가상의 공간 다이버시티이득(Spatial Diversity Gain)을 얻는 협력 릴레이 센싱 모델 중 여러개의 single hop AF 릴레이를 사용하는 기존 시스템 모델의 센싱 성능을 올리고자, 릴레이의 채널 상태에 따라 릴레이의 사용 유무를 선택함으로써 신뢰도 높은 다이버시티 이득을 얻는 모델을 제안하였다. 이는 Hidden terminal 환경이나, 또는 음영지역에 위치한 릴레이의 불분명한 정보를 줄임으로써 최적의 다이버시티를 얻을 수 있게 된다. 신호 검출 확률을 보임으로써 센싱 성능 향상을 보인다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제4권6호
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• pp.1042-1062
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• 2010

Cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) is an effective technology for alleviating the unreliability of local spectrum sensing due to fading/shadowing effects. Unlike most existing solutions, this paper considers the use of CSS technology in decentralized networks where a fusion center is not available. In such a decentralized network, some attackers may sneak into the ranks of cooperative users. On the basis of recent advances in bio-inspired consensus algorithms, an attack-proof, decentralized CSS scheme is proposed in which all secondary users can maintain cooperative sensing by exchanging information locally instead of requiring centralized control or data fusion. Users no longer need any prior knowledge of the network. To counter three potential categories of spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attacks, some anti-attack strategies are applied to the iterative process of information exchange. This enables most authentic users to exclude potentially malicious users from their neighborhood. As represented by simulation results, the proposed scheme can generally ensure that most authentic users reach a consensus within the given number of iterations, and it also demonstrates much better robustness against different SSDF attacks than several existing schemes.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.28-35
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• 2011

고용량의 멀티미디어 데이터 전송이 비약적으로 늘어나는 차세대 이동통신 시스템에서 cooperative ARQ 기법은 단말의 QoS를 만족시키기 위한 효과적인 방법이다. 그러나 기존의 cooperative ARQ 기법은 수신노드의 feedback을 받아서 재전송을 하기 때문에 채널 변화가 극심한 MANET 환경에서는 실시간 전송을 보장하기 어렵다는 단점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 ad-hoc OFDMA 통신 네트워크에서 cognitive relay를 이용한 협력통신 기반 cooperative ARQ 재전송 기법을 제안한다. 제안된 기법에서는 송신노드가 전송한 신호의 SINR을 relay가 사전에 sensing함으로써, 수신노드가 feedback 신호를 전송하기 전에 협력 통신을 능동적으로 제안한다. 이를 통하여, 무선 채널의 변화에 따른 지연 분산 특성을 극소화함으로써 실시간 통신을 원활하게 한다. 또한, relay에서 협력 통신을 제안할 때, 잘못된 제안을 최소화하기 위하여 최적의 sensing threshold를 유지할 수 있도록 하는 적응적 sensing threshold 최적화 알고리듬을 제안한다. 모의실험을 통하여, 실시간 멀티미디어 데이터 전송 시스템에서 제안된 cooperative ARQ 재전송 기법이 기존의 알고리듬에 비하여 프레임 전달시간 및 프레임 손실률 측면에서 우수한 성능을 가짐을 확인하였다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.423-429
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• 2011

협력 스펙트럼 센싱은 스펙트럼 센싱의 신뢰성 및 정확도를 높이기 위해 다수의 CR 기기들이 정보를 공유하여 면허 사용자를 검출하는 방식이다. 이때, CR 기기의 센싱 결과를 융합하는 방식에 따라 경판정 방식(hard decision method)과 연판정 방식(soft decision method)으로 구별할 수 있다. 본 논문은 면허 사용자와 CR 기기 사이의 거리에 따른 가중치가 적용된 결합 방식(Distance based Weight Combining: DWC)을 사용하여 에너지 검출기반 협력 스펙트럼 센싱을 제안하고, 이에 따른 분석 및 모의 실험 결과를 나타낸다. 면허 사용자의 신호는 OFDM 기반의 시스템을 가정하였으며, 면허 사용자와 CR 기기 사이의 무선 채널은 가우시안(Gaussian) 채널로 모델링하였다. 에너지 검출법을 위한 임계값은 각 채널의 SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio)에 따라 다르게 적용되었으며, 각 채널의 잡음 신호의 평균값으로 가정하였다. DWC를 적용한 협력 스펙트럼 센싱을 수행한 결과, 거리에 따라 다양한 검출 확률을 나타낸 단일 센싱에 비해 비교적 안정된 검출 확률을 나타내는 것으로 알 수 있었으며, 동일 이득 결합을 반영하여 협력 스펙트럼 센싱을 수행한 것보다 우수한 스펙트럼 센싱을 나타내었다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제38B권10호
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• pp.832-842
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• 2013

Cognitive Radio has attracted intensive interests of the researchers, recently. The data rate always increases in the emerging technologies. The increased data rate poses mainly two challenges for spectrum sensing. One is that the state of primary user (PU) is fast and alternatively varying between "on/off" in a spectrum sensing window. The other is that the asynchronicity among the reports in a cooperative spectrum sensing setting becomes more apparent. Both of them would deteriorate the spectrum sensing performance. Thus, we propose an asynchronous cooperative spectrum sensing method to cope with these two challenges. A likelihood ratio test based spectrum sensing is developed for a single cooperator. The likelihood ratio is obtained in the setting of fast varying PU state. The likelihood ratio test is uniformly powerful according to the Neyman-pearson lemma. Furthermore, the asynchronicity among the cooperators are studied. Two sets of fusion weights are discussed for the asynchronous time among cooperators. One is designed based on the condition probability of the PU state variation and the other one is designed based on the queueing theory. The simulation results are provided with different fusion methods. The performance improvements are demonstrated.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.172-182
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• 2014

In this paper, we investigate the fundamental performance limits of the cooperative sensing using energy detection by considering the unlimited number of sensing nodes. Although a lot of cognitive radio research so far proposed various uses of energy detection because of its simplicity, the performance limits of energy detection have not been studied when a large number of sensing nodes exist. First, we show that when the sensing nodes see the independent and identically distributed channel conditions, then as the number of sensing nodes N goes to infinity, the OR rule of hard decision achieves zero of false alarm Pf for any given target probability of detection $\bar{P_d}$ irrespective of the non-zero received primary user signal to noise ratio ${\gamma}$. Second, we show that under the same condition, when the AND rule of hard decision is used, there exists a lower bound of $P_f$. Interestingly, however, for given $\bar{P_d}$, $P_f$ goes to 1 as N goes to infinity. Third, we show that when the soft decision is used, there exists a way of achieving 100% utilization of secondary user, i.e., the sensing time overhead ratio goes to zero so does $P_f$.We verify our analyses by performing extensive simulations of the proposed unlimited cooperative sensing. Finally, we suggest a way of incorporating the unlimited cooperative sensing into a practical cellular system such as long term evolutionadvanced by exploiting the existing frame structure of absolute blank subframe to implement the in-band sensing.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.1301-1318
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• 2017

In order to utilize the licensed channel of cognitive radio (CR) when the primary user (PU) is detected busy, a benefit-exchange access mode based on cooperative communication is proposed to allow secondary user (SU) to access the busy channel through giving assistance to PU's communication in exchange for some transmission bandwidth. A holistic joint optimization problem is formulated to maximize the total throughput of CR system through jointly optimizing the parameters of cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS), including the local sensing time, the pre-configured sensing decision threshold, the forward power of cooperative communication, and the bandwidth and transmission power allocated to SUs in benefit-exchange access mode and traditional access mode, respectively. To solve this complex problem, a combination of bi-level optimization, interior-point optimization and exhaustive optimization is proposed. Simulation results show that, compared with the tradition throughput maximizing model (TTMM), the proposed holistic joint optimization model (HJOM) can make use of the channel effectively even if PU is busy, and the total throughput of CR obtains a considerable improvement by HJOM.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.115-121
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• 2009

In cognitive radio (CR) systems, cognitive users can use the frequency bands when the primary users are not present. Hence, reliable detection of available spectrum is foundation of cognitive radio technology. To ensure unimpaired operation of primary users, cooperative spectrum sensing is needed. To reduce the network overhead of cooperative spectrum sensing, a novel cooperative spectrum sensing algorithm based on credibility is proposed. In particular, the close-form expressions for probability of detection and false-alarm are derived for the novel algorithm, and expression for the average overhead used for cooperation is given. The thresholds design method for the algorithm is also discussed. The conclusion is proved by computer simulations.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제3권5호
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• pp.461-474
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• 2009

The cognitive radio (CR) technique is a useful tool for improving spectrum utilization by detecting and using the vacant spectrum bands in which cooperative spectrum sensing is a key element, while avoiding interfering with the primary user. In this paper, we propose a novel cluster-based cooperative spectrum sensing scheme in cognitive radio with two solutions for the purpose of improving in sensing performance. First, for the cluster header, we use the double adaptive energy thresholds and a multi-bit quantization with different quantization interval for improving the cluster performance. Second, in the common receiver, the weighed HALF-voting rule will be applied to achieve a better combination of all cluster decisions into a global decision.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.550-565
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• 2018

Cognitive radio technology is still the key technology of future mobile communication systems. Previous studies have focused on improving spectrum utilization and less energy consumption. In this paper, we propose an Overhead Reduced Scheme (ORS) for green cooperative spectrum sensing. Compared to traditional cooperative sensing scheme, ORS scheme divides the sensing time into three time slots and selects the best multi-mode user to report decisions. In consideration of reporting channel deviation, we derive closed-form expressions for detection probability and false alarm probability of ORS scheme based on Rayleigh fading channel. Simulation results show that ORS scheme can improve the perception accuracy while reducing the perceived delay and energy consumption in the process of perception, so as to realize the green communication.