• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.146-153
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• 2009

The performance characteristics of heat exchangers which consist of a gas cooler, an evaporator and an internal heat exchanger have been investigated at various operating conditions of $CO_2$ air conditioning system by experiments. The heat exchangers were designed for use in the vehicle $CO_2$ air conditioning system, when considering the characteristics of heat transfer and high pressure as $CO_2$ refrigerant. This paper studied the performance of heat exchangers at various compressor speeds and expansion valve openings, and quantified the heat transfer rates and pressure drops. Heat transfer rates at the gas cooler and the evaporator were 6.9 kW and 5.2 kW, respectively, when the compressor speed was 4000 rpm and refrigerant vapor quality at the evaporator outlet was 0.98. Therefore, this paper carried out that the heat exchangers were analyzed to achieve superior performance for the vehicle transcritical $CO_2$ cycle.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.157-163
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• 2008

The present study investigated the pressure drop and the total frost mass of the louvered fin type heat exchanger, which is widely used at the air-conditioning system. The pressure drop due to the frosting phenomenon and the total frost mass were investigated by changing the wet bulb temperature condition of the inlet air. Hence the brain of 55wt% was used as a cooling solution instead of a common refrigerant. The temperature difference between the brine and the tube outside wall at the outlet of heat exchanger was $10^{\circ}C$, at maximum, higher than that at the inlet of heat exchanger. As the wet bulb temperatures were increased, the pressure drop was linearly increased due to the increment of frost mass. And the increment of heat exchange rate was smaller than that of inlet air enthalpy due to the increment of frost mass. The pressure drop of air side was rapidly increased due to the progress of frosting phenomena. The run time that the pressure drop occurred rapidly was decreased by the growth of frost.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.155-165
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• 1994

In this study, the following factors are investigated from experiments for a vertical parallel plate heat exchanger under the frosting condition ; the growth of frost layer, the characteristics of heat and mass transfer, the change of mass flow rate of the air passing through the heat exchanger, and the pressure drop of the air in the heat exchanger. The amount of heat and mass flux of water vapor transferred from the air stream to the heat exchanger surface is large at the early stage of frosting and then decreases dramatically, and the extent of decreasing rate becomes moderate with time. The frost layer formed near the inlet of the heat exchanger is thicker and denser than that formed near the outlet. It is found that the gradient of the amount of frost along the flow direction increases with time. In the early period of frost formation, the thermal resistance between the air and the cooling plate increases dramatically and then the extent of change decreases with time. Initially the convective thermal resistance is dominant. Then, while the convective thermal resistance decreases with time, the conductive thermal resistance continues to increase with time and finally the conductive thermal resistance becomes dominant.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1028-1034
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• 2004

Recently, the ice storage system using ice slurry has been used increasingly since it has been introduced where the rapid cooling load change is required. Because it overcomes a decrease of the melting performance and an increase of the thermal resistance on the ice layer in static ice thermal storage system. This study is performed to understand the effects of transporting ice slurry through horizontal, vertical and inclined tubes ($30^{\circ},\;45^{\circ}$). It used propylene glycol-water solution and ice particles (diameter of about 2 mm) in this experiment. The experiments were carried out under various conditions, with concentration of water solution ranging from 0 to $20wt\%$, and velocity of water solution at the entry ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 m/s. The results were as follows: Regarding the angle of inclined tube, the highest pressure loss was measured for vertical tube and the pressure loss for $45^{\circ},\;30^{\circ}$, horizontal straight tubes were lower successively. The lowest pressure loss in these tubes was measured at velocity of $2.0{\sim}2.5m/s$ and concentration of $10wt\%$. The outlet IPF was likewise stable in these ranges.

• Advances in Computational Design
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.31-42
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• 2021

This research aims to demonstrate the optimal geometrical design of splayed multiple cross-sectional pin fin heat sinks (SMCSPFHS), which are a type of side-inlet-side-outlet heat sink (SISOHS). The optimiser strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm2 (SPEA2)is employed to explore a set of Pareto optimalsolutions. Objective functions are the fan pumping power and junction temperature. Function evaluations can be accomplished using computational fluid dynamics(CFD) analysis. Design variablesinclude pin cross-sectional areas, the number of fins, fin pitch, thickness of heatsink base, inlet air speed, fin heights, and fin orientations with respect to the base. Design constraints are defined in such a way as to make a heat sink usable and easy to manufacture. The optimum results obtained from SPEA2 are compared with the straight pin fin design results obtained from hybrid population-based incremental learning and differential evolution (PBIL-DE), SPEA2, and an unrestricted population size evolutionary multiobjective optimisation algorithm (UPSEMOA). The results indicate that the splayed pin-fin design using SPEA2 issuperiorto those reported in the literature.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.359-366
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• 2022

In this study, the load fluctuation of the main engine is considered to be a disturbance for the jacket coolant temperature control system of the low-speed two-stroke main diesel engine on the ships. A nonlinear PID temperature control system with satisfactory disturbance rejection performance was designed by rapidly transmitting the load change value to the controller for following the reference set value. The feed-forwarded load fluctuation is considered the set points of the dual loop control system to be changed. Real-coded genetic algorithms were used as an optimization tool to tune the gains for the nonlinear PID controller. ITAE was used as an evaluation function for optimization. For the evaluation function, the engine jacket coolant outlet temperature was considered. As a result of simulating the proposed cascade nonlinear PID control system, it was confirmed that the disturbance caused by the load fluctuation was eliminated with satisfactory performance and that the changed set value was followed.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.693-699
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• 2024

The main cause of scattering dust generated by transportation equipment such as automobiles was largely due to exhaust gas from internal combustion engines in the past, but it was generally recognized that non-exhaust causes such as abrasion of the tires or brake pads were low. Accordingly, scattering dust generated by exhaust gas has consistently existed in many studies, such as technological progress and related regulations, but research on non-exhaust is relatively insignificant, and the need for research on scattering dust generated by non-exhaust is emerging. In this study, a dust collector that can be easily mounted on a caliper to collect scattering dust generated by pad wear during the brake operation of an automobile was manufactured. In this study, we developed a dust collector that is easy to mount on calipers to collect scattering dust caused by pad wear during brake operation of automobiles. According to the installation of the manufactured dust collector, the performance of scattering dust by brake operation and the temperature change characteristics of calipers according to the structure of the dust collector were evaluated.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2006

경사계단통로의 천장 아래로 확산되는 연기의 냉각 및 일시 차단을 위해 설치된 2개의 스프링클러헤드와 깊이가 0.54m인 제연커텐의 통합작동시 그 제연성능을 조사하기 위해 제연구역의 크기가 $17.92m{\times}4.00m{\times}6.12m$인 단일계단통로의 화재모형에 대해 FDS로 화재모의실험을 수행하였다. 스프링클러헤드 반응시간은 화재크기가 증가할수록 감소하며, 제연커텐이 있는 경우가 없는 경우보다 1.1초 증가하고, 화원에서 경사통로출구까지 연기전파시간은 화재크기가 증가할수록 상당히 감소하며, 연기전파지연효과는 스프링클러의 작동여부와는 관계가 없음을 확인할 수 있었다. 스프링클러와 제연커텐의 통합작동은 연기냉각측면에서는 효과가 큰 반면 연기전파지연측면에서는 작지만 효과가 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 살수냉각효과에 의해 경사통로에는 고온연기층의 복사열유속의 화상위험은 감소되나, 헤드살수의 하향끌림과 연기와 공기의 혼합 난류 현상에 의해 경사통로 입구부 주변에는 짙은 연기층이 형성되어 시계약화 및 연기질식 위험은 증가하여 피난에 어려움이 가중될 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제53권10호
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• pp.871-876
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• 2020

임해발전소의 냉각수 배출구 인근과 준설된 해역을 전파하는 파랑의 특성을 이해하는 것은 임해발전소 건설과 운영에 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 (1) 배출구 주변 외부 흐름과 (2) 준설된 해저지형을 나타내는 함몰지형에 의한 파랑의 반사율을 고유함수전개법을 이용하여 해석하였다. 먼저, 외부흐름을 나타내기 위한 격자수와 소멸파수의 최적값을 수렴 테스트를 통해 산정하였다. 그리고 ¹⁾외부흐름의 속도, ²⁾외부흐름의 폭, ³⁾함몰지형 간 거리, ⁴⁾함몰지형의 개수에 따른 반사율 변화 정도를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 함몰지형 수와 거리에 따른 반사율이 외부흐름의 속도와 폭에 따른 반사율보다 더 민감한 결과를 보였다. 또한, 외부흐름의 영향이 작을지라도 천해와 천해부근 상대수심 (0.01 < kh ≦ 0.70)에서는 외부흐름의 영향을 무시할 수 없다는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제40회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.407-408
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• 2011

Natural boron consists of two stable isotopes 10B and 11B with natural abundance of 18.8 atom percent of 10B and 81.2 atom percent of 11B. The thermal neutron absorption cross-section for 10B and 11B are 3837 barn and 0.005 barn respectively. 10B enriched specific compounds are used for control rods and as a reactor coolant additives. In this work 2 methods for boron enrichment were analysed: 1) Gas irradiation in static conditions. Dissociation occurs due to multiphoton absorption by specific isotopes in appropriately tuned laser field. IR shifted laser pulses are usually used in combination with increasing the laser intensity also improves selectivity up to some degree. In order to prevent recombination of dissociated molecules BCl3 is mixed with H2S 2) SILARC method. Advantages of this method: a) Gas cooling is helpful to split and shrink boron isotopes absorption bands. In order to achieve better selectivity BCl3 gas has to be substantially rarefied (~0.01%-5%) in mixture with carrier gas. b) Laser intensity is lower than in the first method. Some preliminary calculations of dissociation and recombination with carrier gas molecules energetics for both methods will be demonstrated Boron separation in SILARC method can be represented as multistage process: 1) Mixture of BCl3 with carrier gas is putted in reservoir 2) Gas overcooling due to expansion through Laval nozzle 3) IR multiphoton absorption by gas irradiated by specifically tuned laser field with subsequent gradual gas condensation in outlet chamber It is planned to develop software which includes these stages. This software will rely on the following available software based on quantum molecular dynamics in external quantized field: 1) WavePacket: Each particle is treated semiclassicaly based on Wigner transform method 2) Turbomole: It is based on local density methods like density of functional methods (DFT) and its improvement- coupled clusters approach (CC) to take into account quantum correlation. These models will be used to extract information concerning kinetic coefficients, and their dependence on applied external field. Information on radiative corrections to equation of state induced by laser field which take into account possible phase transition (or crossover?) can be also revealed. This mixed phase equation of state with quantum corrections will be further used in hydrodynamical simulations. Moreover results of these hydrodynamical simulations can be compared with results of CFD calculations. The first reasonable question to ask before starting the CFD simulations is whether turbulent effects are significant or not, and how to model turbulence? The questions of laser beam parameters and outlet chamber geometry which are most optimal to make all gas volume irradiated is also discussed. Relationship between enrichment factor and stagnation pressure and temperature based on experimental data is also reported.