• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.3-8
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• 2015

Denasalization that nasals are replaced by stops is an unusual error pattern related to manner of articulation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of denasalization and to scrutinize the nasal production according to phonological context for typically developing children and children with speech sound disorders(SSD). 220 typically developing children and 48 SSD children from 2~6 years of age were tested with a formal word test, and those who demonstrate denasalization were selected. In addition, the nasal production of SSD children with denasalization were analyzed for the correctness and the error types using the formal word test and spontaneous conversation. The results were as follows: (1) Denasalization was shown in below 10% of 2-3 years of age with typically developing children and in above 20% of 2-5 years of age with SSD. (2) The SSD children who demonstrate denasalization were categorized into 4 types according to the error context of nasals; nasal errors with all word positions, nasal errors with word-final and word-medial positions, nasal errors with word-medial position preceding vowels, and nasal errors with word-medial position preceding obstruents. These results indicate that denasalization is a clinically important error pattern, and word-medial position preceding obstruents is an essential context for denasalization in terms of Korean phonotactics.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.535-542
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• 2017

The ubiquitous computing made it happen to easily take cognizance of context, which includes user's location, status, behavior patterns and surrounding places. And it allows providing the catered service, designed to improve the quality and the interaction between the provider and its customers. The personalized recommendation service needs to obtain logical reasoning to interpret the context information based on user's interests. We researched a model that connects to the practical value to users for their daily life; information about restaurants, based on several mobile contexts that conveys the weather, time, day and location information. We also have made various approaches including the accurate rating data review, the equation of Naïve Bayes to infer user's behavior-patterns, and the recommendable places pre-selected by preference predictive algorithm. This paper joins a vibrant conversation to demonstrate the excellence of this approach that may prevail other previous rating method systems.

• Journal of Smart Tourism
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2023

Tourism and hospitality have encountered significant changes in recent years as a result of the rapid development of information technology (IT). Customers now expect more expedient services and customized travel experiences, which has intensified competition among service providers. To meet these demands, businesses have adopted sophisticated IT applications such as ChatGPT, which enables real-time interaction with consumers and provides recommendations based on their preferences. This paper focuses on the AI support-prompt middleware system, which functions as a mediator between generative AI and human users, and discusses two operational rules associated with it. The first rule is the Information Processing Rule, which requires the middleware system to determine appropriate responses based on the context of the conversation using techniques for natural language processing. The second rule is the Information Presentation Rule, which requires the middleware system to choose an appropriate language style and conversational attitude based on the gravity of the topic or the conversational context. These rules are essential for guaranteeing that the middleware system can fathom user intent and respond appropriately in various conversational contexts. This study contributes to the planning and analysis of service design by deriving design rules for middleware systems to incorporate artificial intelligence into tourism services. By comprehending the operation of AI support-prompt middleware systems, service providers can design more effective and efficient AI-driven tourism services, thereby improving the customer experience and obtaining a market advantage.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.103-129
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• 2006

This paper presents a case study of the effectiveness of debate class in promoting speaking skills of advanced learners. The researcher adopted English debate techniques in an English speaking class during four-week teacher training program and investigated how teachers responded to the new technique. Forty-five middle and high school teachers participated in the study and classroom observation, pre-survey, post-survey, and focus group interviews were used as the major research methods. The teacher pre-survey results presented that teachers prefer a conversation class where they can directly acquire proper sentence patterns and speaking strategies rather than spend time in performing communicative events. The results of the focus group interview and post-survey confirmed that a debate class can meet this specific teachers' needs. Most teachers responded positively to the debate classes since: 1) debate techniques are relatively new ideas to Korean teachers; 2) debate techniques require speed and accuracy in speech; thus teachers could learn to present their ideas logically and efficiently in a limited time through repeated argument exercises. The study result implies that debate technique can be an effective vehicle in an EFL context to promote advanced learners' logical thinking skills and logical English sentence structures.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.82-87
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• 2003

Nowadays' culture' is an important topic of conversation and rigorous researches have been done about the cultures of our neighboring countries such as China and Japan. It is expected that studies concerning applications of each traditional culture in modern design will be made rigorously in the near future. In this context this study chose five-star hotel restaurants located in Korea and investigated how the Korean, Chinese and Japanese cultures are incorporated into their modern interior design. The data were classified by space and design elements. The results show that colorful Korean identity(or Koreanity) was applied in Korean restaurants rather than the simplicity and naturalness of traditional space. As for Chinese restaurants, a large scale of space which Chinese traditional space reveals was not adopted because of their location too, but brilliant patterns and colors were used consistently. The typical Japanese style of simple lines, colors and materials were reflected in Japanese restaurants.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.138.1-138
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• 2001

Usually, when we take a conversation with another, we can know his emotion as well as his idea. Recently, some applications using speech recognition comes out , however, those can recognize only context of various informations which he(she) gave. In the future, machine familiar to human will be a requirement for more convenient life. Therefore, we need to get emotion features. In this paper, we´ll collect a multiplicity of reference data which represent emotion features from the speech signal. As our final target is to recognize emotion from a stream of speech, as such, we must be able to understand features that represent emotion. There are much emotions human can show. the delicate difference of emotions makes this recognition problem difficult.

• Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.387-416
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• 2001

In an attempt to identify highly probable causes of poor EFL performances, certain intriguing data of 11 common errors collected from 23 university students' listening and reading for correction of a short conversation of three people, with a questionnaire regarding their knowledge of the situational context, were analysed and interpreted within a theoretical framework of consciousness and the intonation unit (Chafe 1974, 1980, 1994), compatible with some important philosophical and psychological theories. The results: situational understanding does not always guarantee good EFL performances; the 11 errors were not attributable to hearing problems; consciousness appropriate for literacy and formal schooling appeared to be the major cause, which was inappropriate for a communicative use of English. Re-shaping of consciousness was suggested, with a warning against the ‘grammar consciousness raising’ approach.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2006.10b
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• pp.83-87
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• 2006

업무 능률을 높이기 위해 일정의 입력이나 변경 및 삭제를 체계적인 관리하는 일정관리 에이전트에 대한 연구가 수행되고 있다. 사용자와의 지속적인 상호작용을 통해 사용자의 의도를 파악하며, 사용자에게 적절한 일정을 추천하거나 관련된 정보를 제공하는 서비스가 함께 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 상호주도형 대화를 통해 사용자의 의도를 능동적으로 추론하여 보다 자연스러운 대화를 제공하며, 상황인식을 통해 사용자에게 적절한 일정관리 서비스를 제공하는 지능형 일정관리 에이전트를 제안한다. 대화의 문맥 유지와 상호주도적 문제해결을 위한 반응형 스크립트를 설계하고, 동적 베이지안 네트워크로 일정과 관련된 사용자의 상태를 추론한다. 사용자에게 적절한 일정시간이나 장소를 추천하기 위해 최근 활발히 연구되고 있는 상식 DB인 ConceptNet을 도입하여 지능적인 일정관리 서비스를 제공한다. 각종 시나리오를 통해 제안하는 에이전트의 유용성을 검증하였다.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.85-102
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• 2002

Learners and users of a second language have to resort to a variety of conversational strategies or structures to enable them to communicate effectively and competently. Factors affecting effective communication among English as a second or English as foreign language (ESL/EFL) learners are diverse in nature because of different socio-cultural backgrounds. Gambits as a conversational strategy are used to a large extent and teachers must be made aware of such conversational strategies used by English as second or foreign language learners. Thus, studies focusing on conversational strategies among ESL/EFL learners in the English language classroom are important in order to identify the types of conversational strategies used and to help teachers to understand the appropriate conversational strategies and structures. Such understanding can be used to guide learners to use correct conversational strategies when communicating in English. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the use of gambits as a communication strategy in conversation among non-native speakers of English in an English as a second language(ESL) context based on Kellers conversational strategy signals. (175 words)

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.26-47
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• 2022

Chatbots were an important research subject in the past. A chatbot is a computer program or an artificial intelligence program that participates in a conversation via auditory or textual methods. As the research on chatbots progressed, some important issues regarding them changed over time. Therefore, it is necessary to review the technology with a focus on recent advancements and core research technologies. In this paper, we introduce five different chatbot technologies: natural language processing, pattern matching, semantic web, data mining, and context-aware computer. We also introduce the latest technology for the chatbot researchers to recognize the present situation and channelize it in the right direction.